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              <text>Lobregt-van Buuren, E., Mevissen, L., Sizoo, B. B., &amp;amp; de Jongh, A. (2018, August).  &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3687-6"&gt;Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy as a feasible and potential effective treatment for adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and a history of adverse events.&lt;/a&gt;  Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders</text>
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                <text>The study investigated whether EMDR is a feasible therapy for adults with ASD and a history of adverse events, and whether it is associated with reductions in symptoms of PTSD, psychological distress and autism. Participants received 6 to 8 weeks treatment as usual (TAU), followed by a maximum of 8 sessions EMDR added to TAU, and a follow-up of 6–8 weeks with TAU only. Results showed a significant reduction of symptoms of post-traumatic stress (IES-R: d = 1.16), psychological distress (BSI: d = 0.93) and autistic features (SRS-A: d = 0.39). Positive results were maintained at follow-up. The results suggest EMDR therapy to be a feasible and potentially effective treatment for individuals with ASD who suffer from the consequences of exposure to distressing events.</text>
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              <text>Quinn, G. (2018, June). ERP &amp;amp; ISP immediate stabilization procedure in acute stress reaction for clinicians &amp;amp; first responders. Efficacy of EMDR in Emergency situations. Presentation at the at the 19th EMDR Europe Association Conference, Strasbourg, France</text>
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                <text>Victims of immediate trauma in Acute Stress Reaction often exhibit a high to extreme stress reaction and “silent terror”. The Emergency Response Procedure (ERP) described in Marilyn Luber’s: Implementing EMDR Early Mental Health Interventions for Man-Made and Natural Disasters: Models, Scripted Protocols 2013) was developed to deal with victims of natural and man made disaster within minutes to hours of exposure to trauma. ERP is a stabilization technique that utilizes rapid bilateral stimulation. Participants in this workshop will learn how to treat clients in the immediate aftermath of trauma utilizing ERP. This same basic approach can be applied in the event of strong emotional reactions during the initial phase of history-taking, and prior to the Preparation Phase of EMDR or at other times of treatment when patients exhibit strong emotional reactions. Clinicians who have already learned ERP will benefit from this new succinct version. There will be a practicum utilizing the new ERP. ERP has been modified and named ISP (Immediate Stabilization Procedure). ISP has been adapted from ERP to be used by first responders at scenes of routine emergency calls such as accidents and fires with victims exhibiting high emotional reaction. It can also be used for victims of manmade and natural disasters. Similarities and differences between ERP and ISP will be described.</text>
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                <text>本稿では、自閉スペクトラム症（ASD）を持つ青年に対するEMDR（眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法）の臨床的応用について検討している。ASDの特性として、感情の言語化や対人関係の困難があるため、トラウマ体験が未処理のまま蓄積されやすく、二次的な精神症状を引き起こすことがある。著者らは、EMDRの非言語的・身体感覚的アプローチがASD青年に適応しやすく、トラウマ記憶の再処理を通じて情動の安定化と自己感覚の回復が促される可能性を示している。症例を通じて、ASDとトラウマの複雑な関係性に対するEMDRの有効性が示唆されている。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This article explores the clinical application of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Due to ASD traits—such as difficulty verbalizing emotions and challenges in interpersonal relationships—traumatic experiences often remain unprocessed, leading to secondary psychological symptoms. The authors suggest that EMDR’s nonverbal and somatosensory approach is well-suited for ASD youth, facilitating emotional stabilization and restoration of self-awareness through trauma reprocessing. Case examples illustrate EMDR’s potential effectiveness in addressing the complex interplay between ASD and trauma.</text>
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                <text>自閉スペクトラム症（ASD）の人々は、特有の脳の発達により、生活様式、行動、能力において独自の特徴を持っている。そのため、周囲から「奇妙」「異質」と見なされ、不当な扱いを受けることが多く、それがトラウマの原因となる。EMDR（眼球運動による脱感作と再処理）を希望するクライアントの中には、一般人口に比べてASDの割合が高い傾向がある。 ASDの脳は定型発達とは異なるため、トラウマへの反応も異なり、両側性刺激への反応もASD特有のものとなることが多い。したがって、ASDのクライアントに安全にEMDRを実施するためには、正式な診断がなくてもASDの傾向があるかどうかを評価する必要がある。また、ASDの特性を考慮したEMDRの実施方法を工夫することも求められる。 本論文では、ASDクライアントへのEMDR実施における評価方法と再処理時の注意点について述べている。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;People with Autism-Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are distinctive in terms of lifestyle, behavior and capabilities due to their characteristic brain development. Thus, they are often viewed as strange and different, and, as a result, are frequently treated unfairly by others, causing trauma. Of clients who want EMDR, the proportion of those with ASD is generally higher than observed in the general population. As ASD brains develop differently from the norm, their brains react differently to trauma and hence their response to bilateral stimulation are often unique to ASD. Therefore, in order to implement EMDR safely to ASD clients, it is necessary to assess whether the client appears to have ASD even if they have never been fully diagnosed. It is also necessary to devise measures for implementing EMDR bearing ASD characteristics in mind. This paper describes methods of assessment and points of caution for reprocessing.</text>
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              <text>Saltini, A., Rebecchi, D., Callerame, C., Fernandez, I., Bergonzini, E., &amp;amp; Starace, F. (2018, March). &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2017.1344255"&gt;Early eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) intervention in a disaster mental health care context.&lt;/a&gt;  Psychology, Health &amp;amp; Medicine, 23 (3), 285-294. doi:10.1080/13548506.2017.1344255</text>
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                <text>‘Early psychological intervention’ is defined as commencing treatment within three months of the traumatic event, with the aim to prevent or treat posttraumatic stress disorder, ongoing distress or acute stress disorder. In natural disaster situations, specific issues may limit the amount of time available for treatment and the possibility of interventions. Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) can be used without regard to these limits. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of EMDR, Recent Traumatic Episode Protocol (R-TEP) provided within three months of the traumatic event to a large sample of individuals exposed to the earthquake that hit Emilia Romagna Region (Northern Italy) in 2012. This study is based on a retrospective review of medical records collected during the activities of psychological and psychosocial unit in the immediate aftermath of earthquake. In total, 529 participants completed the Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) (pre e post treatment). In order to provide a comparison similar to a waitlist-like control group, a method of cohort analysis was applied. In addition, possible time dependent effect was tested. ET (early-treated sample, participants treated within one month after the earthquake) and LT (late-treated sample, participants treated after the first month from the earthquake) reported at post-treatment an improvement to a level below the IES-R cutoff (65.8% of the ET sample and 64.02% of the LT sample). Control group analogue and time-outcome correlation suggest that positive changes in symptoms were likely due to the treatment provided and not merely to the time lapse from the traumatic event. The results of this study suggest that EMDR is a viable treatment option in response to a disaster crisis and in reducing psychological distress of acutely traumatized individuals within the context of a natural disaster.</text>
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                <text>Psychology, Health &amp;amp; Medicine, 23 (3), 285-294. doi:10.1080/13548506.2017.1344255</text>
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                <text>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disabling chronic disorder, which is often under-diagnosed, difficult to treat and to predict. The emotional and physical symptoms occur in three clusters: re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance of reminders of the event and hyperarousal for at least one month. Up to 80% of patients with PTSD have another psychiatric disorder. The main risk factors of PTSD are psychiatric and trauma history, trauma severity, peritraumatic dissociation and lack of social support. Treatment relies on psychotherapies like cognitive behavior therapy or EMDR and pharmacologic treatment like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors without neglecting the forensic aspect..</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.9.4.E149"&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.9.4.E149&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Supervisión de casos: Mujer embarazada traumatizada &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Case consultation: Traumatized pregnant woman</text>
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                <text>Supervisión de casos es un nuevo apartado regular del Journal of EMDR Practice and Research en el que un terapeuta solicita ayuda con un caso complicado y tres expertos le responden por escrito. En este artículo, Amy Robbins, una terapeuta certificada en terapia de desensibilización y reprocesamiento por movimientos oculares (EMDR) de Atlanta, Georgia, describe brevemente un caso complicado en el que una mujer embarazada busca tratamiento por un trauma sufrido durante un tornado. La terapeuta pregunta si es recomendable hacer tratamiento con EMDR y qué precauciones debería tener en cuenta. La primera especialista, Carol Forgash, ofrece información general sobre el embarazo y la psicoterapia y señala aspectos a tener en cuenta, precauciones y contraindicaciones a la hora de proceder con EMDR. Recomienda que si se escoge este tratamiento, la terapeuta proceda con un protocolo de trauma reciente para hacer blanco específicamente sobre los recuerdos traumáticos del reciente tornado. El segundo especialista, Andrew Leeds, comenta sobre la ausencia de ensayos controlados aleatorizados (ECA) u otros informes científicos que exploren la seguridad del tratamiento EMDR con mujeres embarazadas. Señala que las mujeres embarazadas con síntomas de estrés postraumático tendrían que entender que hay grandes posibilidades de que el EMDR mejore su calidad de vida como madre y que, probablemente, los riesgos de sufrir efectos adversos en la estabilidad del embarazo son muy bajos, aunque siguen siendo desconocidos. La tercera especialista, Claire Stramrood, explica que los pocos estudios de casos que han evaluado el EMDR durante el embarazo han encontrado efectos positivos, pero estaban relacionados con mujeres con trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) posterior al nacimiento del bebé. Afirma que una vez que se haya consultado al obstetra, se haya informado a las mujeres de los posibles riesgos y beneficios y hayan firmado un consentimiento informado, deberían de poder decidir si comenzar la terapia EMDR durante el embarazo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Case consultation is a new regular feature in the Journal of EMDR Practice and Research in which a therapist requests assistance regarding a challenging case and responses are written by three experts. In this article, Amy Robbins, a certified eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapist from Atlanta, Georgia, briefly describes a challenging case in which a pregnant woman seeks treatment for trauma suffered in a tornado. The clinician asks if it is advisable to provide EMDR treatment and what concerns she should be aware of. The first expert, Carol Forgash, provides some general information about pregnancy and psychotherapy and outlines considerations, concerns, and contraindications for proceeding with EMDR. She recommends that if treatment is chosen, the therapist proceed with a recent trauma protocol to specifically target the traumatic memories of the recent tornado. The second expert, Andrew Leeds, comments on the absence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or other scientific reports exploring the safety of EMDR treatment of pregnant women. He states that pregnant women with symptoms of posttraumatic stress should understand that there is a high probability that EMDR will improve maternal quality of life and that the risks of adverse effects on stability of pregnancy are probably low, but that these remain unknown. The third expert, Claire Stramrood, explains that the few case studies that evaluated EMDR during pregnancy have found positive effects but pertained to women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following childbirth. She asserts that once obstetricians have been consulted, women have been informed about possible risks and benefits, and, given their informed consent, they should be able to choose to commence EMDR therapy during pregnancy.</text>
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              <text>&lt;p align="left"&gt;American Psychiatric Association&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Work Group on ASD and PTSD:&lt;br /&gt;Robert J. Ursano&lt;br /&gt;Carl Bell&lt;br /&gt;Spencer Eth&lt;br /&gt;Matthew Friedman&lt;br /&gt;Ann Norwood&lt;br /&gt;Betty Pfefferbaum&lt;br /&gt;Robert S. Pynoos&lt;br /&gt;Douglas F. Zatzick&lt;br /&gt;David M. Benedek&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <text>Chung Yeub Chung &lt;br /&gt;Daeho Kim &lt;br /&gt;Seok-Hyeon Kim &lt;br /&gt;Hwallip Bae Kounseok &lt;br /&gt;Lee Bokja Go</text>
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              <text>Chung, C. Y., Kim, D., Kim, S.-H., Kounseok, H. B., &amp;amp; Go, L. B.(2014). &lt;a href="http://synapse.koreamed.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/0055JKNA/jkna-53-171.pdf"&gt;[Treatment response of affect regulation group therapy for recently traumatized school children].&lt;/a&gt; Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 53(3), 171-177. Korean</text>
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                <text>최근 외상을 경험한 초등학교 아동들에 대한 정동 조절 집단치료의 치료 반응 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Treatment response of affect regulation group therapy for recently traumatized school children</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span class="hps"&gt;목적&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;:이&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;연구의 목적은&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;규제&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;집단 치료&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;ARGT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;)에 영향&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;의&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;반응&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;의&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;치료 효과&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;및&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;예측 인자&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;를 조사&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;하였다&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;최근&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;충격&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;어린이 그룹&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;에 전달&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;방법 :&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;목격&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;또는&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;학교에서&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;비극적 인&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;사고&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;에 직면&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;한&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;464&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;학교&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;어린이&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;총&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;규제&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;집단 치료&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;에 영향을 미치는&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;단일&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;세션&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;psychoeducation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;을&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;포함&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;안구 운동&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;탈감작&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;및&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;재 처리&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;에서&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;규제&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;요소&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;에 영향을 미치는&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;그&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;주어졌다&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;누구의&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;방해&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;규모&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;SUDS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;점수&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;의&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;주제&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;단위&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;의&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;초기&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;점수가&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;이상&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;(213)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;어린이&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, 우리는&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;사전 및 사후&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;처리&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;점수를&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;비교하여&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;비 반응&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;비교&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;대&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;응답자&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;를 실시&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;하여 수행&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;스케일&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;개정&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;CRTES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;-R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;인구 통계 학적&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;변수&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, 임상&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;변수&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;가&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;고려되었다&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;외상 적 사건&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;에 대한&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;아동&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;의&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;반응을&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;이용하여 측정&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;된 Ppost&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;외상&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;장애 (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;PTSD&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;) 증상&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;점수&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;결과 :&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;규제&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;집단 치료&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;에 영향을 미치는&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;급성&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;외상&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;이벤트&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;16.3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;P &amp;lt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)을&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;경험 한&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;아이들을 위해&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;효과적이었다.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;있었다&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;비&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;응답자&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;의&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;기준&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;SUDS&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;점수는&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;했다&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;상당히 높은&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;-2.89&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;P &amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;0.001)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;CRTES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;-R&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;점수는&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;유의 수준&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;의&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;레벨 (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;t&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;-1.72&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;P =&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;0.09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;에 접근했다.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;그러나,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;식별&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;로지스틱 회귀 분석&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;의&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;결과는&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;전처리&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;SUDS&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;점수가&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;무응답&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;만&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;예측 인자&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;였다&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;결론 :&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;규제&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;집단 치료&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;에 영향을 미치는&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;급성&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;외상성&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;사건&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;을 경험&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;받은&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;어린이를위한&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;효과적인 것으로&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;나타났다.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;그리고&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;뿐만 아니라&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;생존자&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;주관적&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;고통&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;은&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;PTSD&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;증상&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;의&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;심각도&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="atn"&gt;의 정도&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;에 비해&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps atn"&gt;치료 반응&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;에 더&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hps"&gt;중요했다.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Objectives:&lt;/strong&gt; The aim of this study was to investigate the treatment effect and predictors of response of affect regulation group therapy (ARGT) delivered to a group of recently traumatized children. &lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; A total of 464 school children, who had witnessed or confronted a tragic accident at school, were given a single-session of affect regulation group therapy, that which included psychoeducation and affect regulation elements from eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Of 213 children whose with initial score of Subject Unit of Disturbance Scale (SUDS) score over 4, we compared pre- and post-treatment scores and performed conducted the responder vs. non-responder comparison. The pPost-traumatic disorder (PTSD) symptom scores measured by using Child Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale-Revised (CRTES-R), demographic variables, and clinical variables were considered. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; Affect regulation group therapy was effective for children who had experienced an acute traumatic event (t=16.3, p&amp;lt;0.001). Baseline SUDS score of for non-responder were was significantly higher (t=-2.89, p&amp;lt;0.001) and CRTES-R score approached a level of significance level (t=-1.72, p=0.09). However, results of logistic regression analysis identified showed that the pretreatment SUDS score was the only significant predictor of non-response. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; Affect regulation group therapy appeared to be effective for children who had undergone experienced an acute traumatic event. And in addition, the survivors’ subjective distress was more important to treatment response than severity of PTSD symptoms severity.</text>
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                <text>Journal of the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 53(3), 171-177</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>2014</text>
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        <name>Acute Stress Disorder</name>
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        <name>Affect Regulation</name>
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        <name>ASD</name>
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        <name>Children</name>
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        <name>Group Therapy</name>
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                <text>著者は、日本の子供たちのためEMDRの臨床使用を報告した。外傷のためのEMDR治療を実勢に、著者は複数の人格障害（を持つ子供）のための自我状態の治療に向けた効果と呼ばれる。発達障害のある子どものために、著者は特にEMDRはaustismスペクトラム障害のタイムスリップ現象に適用述べた。チャンス（ASDの簡単なEMDR療法である）EMDRといくつかの新しい技術についても言及された。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The author reported clinical use of EMDR for children in Japan. On prevailing EMDR therapy for trauma, the author referred to effects toward the ego-state therapy for (children with) multiple personality disorder. For children with developmental disorders, the author specifically mentioned EMDR applied to the time slip phenomenon in austism spectrum disorder. The chance EMDR (which is a brief EMDR therapy for ASD) and several new techniques were also mentioned.</text>
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                <text>Supervision de cas est une nouvelle rubrique régulière du Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, où un thérapeute demande de l'aide au sujet d'un cas difficile et où des réponses sont apportées par trois experts. Dans cet article, Amy Robbins (Atlanta, Géorgie), une thérapeute certifiée de la désensibilisation et du retraitement par les mouvements oculaires (EMDR) décrit brièvement le cas difficile d'une femme enceinte qui souhaite traiter un traumatisme subi au cours d'une tornade. La clinicienne demande s'il est indiqué de faire de l'EMDR et quels sont les précautions qu'elle devrait avoir à l'esprit. Le premier expert, Carol Forgash, fournit des informations générales sur la grossesse et la psychothérapie et expose les considérations, les soucis et les contre-indications relatifs au traitement EMDR dans ce cas. Elle recommande que, si le choix se porte sur le traitement EMDR, le thérapeute utilise le protocole de traumas récents pour cibler spécifiquement les souvenirs traumatiques de l'épisode récent de la tornade. Le second expert, Andrew Leeds, commente l'absence d'essais contrôlés randomisés (ECR) ou d'autres rapports scientifiques explorant la sécurité du traitement EMDR chez les femmes enceintes. Il estime que les femmes enceintes présentant des symptômes de stress post- traumatique doivent comprendre qu'il y a de fortes chances pour que l'EMDR améliore leur qualité de vie et que les risques d'effets indésirables sur la stabilité de la grossesse sont probablement faibles, mais qu'ils demeurent cependant inconnus. Le troisième expert, Claire Stramrood, explique que les rares études de cas ayant évalué l'EMDR pendant la grossesse ont rapporté des effets positifs, mais qu'elles concernaient des femmes souffrant d'un état de stress post-traumatique (ESPT) suivant un accouchement. Elle fait valoir qu'après consultation de l'obstétricien, une fois que les femmes ont été informées des risques et bénéfices potentiels, et qu'elles ont donné leur consentement éclairé, elles doivent être en mesure de choisir de commencer ou non la thérapie EMDR au cours de leur grossesse. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Case consultation is a new regular feature in the Journal of EMDR Practice and Research in which a therapist requests assistance regarding a challenging case and responses are written by three experts. In this article, Amy Robbins, a certified eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapist from Atlanta, Georgia, briefly describes a challenging case in which a pregnant woman seeks treatment for trauma suffered in a tornado. The clinician asks if it is advisable to provide EMDR treatment and what concerns she should be aware of. The first expert, Carol Forgash, provides some general information about pregnancy and psychotherapy and outlines considerations, concerns, and contraindications for proceeding with EMDR. She recommends that if treatment is chosen, the therapist proceed with a recent trauma protocol to specifically target the traumatic memories of the recent tornado. The second expert, Andrew Leeds, comments on the absence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or other scientific reports exploring the safety of EMDR treatment of pregnant women. He states that pregnant women with symptoms of posttraumatic stress should understand that there is a high probability that EMDR will improve maternal quality of life and that the risks of adverse effects on stability of pregnancy are probably low, but that these remain unknown. The third expert, Claire Stramrood, explains that the few case studies that evaluated EMDR during pregnancy have found positive effects but pertained to women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following childbirth. She asserts that once obstetricians have been consulted, women have been informed about possible risks and benefits, and, given their informed consent, they should be able to choose to commence EMDR therapy during pregnancy.</text>
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                <text>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) protocol for recent traumatic events in the treatment of Acute Stress Disorder. Within weeks of being exposed to an isolated traumatic event, seven adults diagnosed with Acute Stress Disorder were provided with multiple sessions of the EMDR protocol for recent traumatic events, an extended version of the EMDR therapy standard protocol. In each case an individual’s subjective distress caused by the traumatic events was measured using the Impact of Events Scale-Revised and the goal of alleviating symptoms was accomplished. The positive results suggest the EMDR protocol for recent traumatic events may be an effective means of providing early treatment to victims of trauma, potentially preventing the development of the more severe symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.</text>
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              <text>Forgash, C., Leeds, A., Stramrood, C. A. I., &amp;amp; Robbins, A. (2013). &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.7.1.45"&gt;Case consultation: Traumatized pregnant woman.&lt;/a&gt; Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 7(1), 45-49. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.7.1.45</text>
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                <text>Case consultation is a new regular feature in the Journal of EMDR Practice and Research in which a therapist requests assistance regarding a challenging case and responses are written by three experts. In this article, Amy Robbins, a certified eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapist from Atlanta, Georgia, briefly describes a challenging case in which a pregnant woman seeks treatment for trauma suffered in a tornado. The clinician asks if it is advisable to provide EMDR treatment and what concerns she should be aware of. The first expert, Carol Forgash, provides some general information about pregnancy and psychotherapy and outlines considerations, concerns, and contraindications for proceeding with EMDR. She recommends that if treatment is chosen, the therapist proceed with a recent trauma protocol to specifically target the traumatic memories of the recent tornado. The second expert, Andrew Leeds, comments on the absence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or other scientific reports exploring the safety of EMDR treatment of pregnant women. He states that pregnant women with symptoms of posttraumatic stress should understand that there is a high probability that EMDR will improve maternal quality of life and that the risks of adverse effects on stability of pregnancy are probably low, but that these remain unknown. The third expert, Claire Stramrood, explains that the few case studies that evaluated EMDR during pregnancy have found positive effects but pertained to women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following childbirth. She asserts that once obstetricians have been consulted, women have been informed about possible risks and benefits, and, given their informed consent, they should be able to choose to commence EMDR therapy during pregnancy.</text>
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              <text>Maria F. Fatima Panangeiro&lt;br /&gt;Antonio F. S. Torres&lt;br /&gt;Rosana M. Fernandez &lt;br /&gt;Sandra R. Trajano</text>
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              <text>Fatima Panangeiro, M. F., Torres, A. F. S., Fernandez, R. M., &amp;amp; Trajano, S. R. (2012, November). [&lt;a href="https://assemdr.blogspot.com/2012/12/eficacia-do-emdr-na-prevencao-e-cura-do.html"&gt;Efficacy of EMDR in the prevention and treatment of PTSD with victims of an earthquake&lt;/a&gt;]. In comunicações de pesquisa. Presentation at the 2nd EMDR Brazilian Congress, Brasilia, Brazil. Portuguese</text>
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          <description>emdr_title_link</description>
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              <text>&lt;a href="https://assemdr.blogspot.com/2012/12/eficacia-do-emdr-na-prevencao-e-cura-do.html"&gt;https://assemdr.blogspot.com/2012/12/eficacia-do-emdr-na-prevencao-e-cura-do.html&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Eficácia do EMDR na prevenção e cura do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático em vítimas de terremoto &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Efficacy of EMDR in the prevention and treatment of PTSD with victims of an earthquake</text>
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                <text>In comunicações de pesquisa. Presentation at the 2nd EMDR Brazilian Congress, Brasilia, Brazil</text>
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                <text>Introdução: Sabemos que quando uma pessoa vivencia um incidente crítico, essa exposição tem impacto considerável sobre seu funcionamento global. Assim, para assegurar a recuperação dos militares brasileiros que estavam no Haiti, escolhemos a técnica EMDR criada pela Dra.Francine Shapiro, que encontra respaldo teórico em descobertas recentes no campo neuropsicológico para realizar as intervenções. Justificativa: O EMDR é uma técnica eficaz, que permite que o trauma armazenado na memória de curto prazo passe para a memória de longo prazo, uma vez que com os estímulos criam-se novas conexões neurais que trazem alívio, paz e aceitação. Atualmente existem mais de 20 estudos randomizados que apoiam sua eficácia. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da técnica EMDR na recuperação de vítimas de terremoto no Haiti, que apresentavam Transtorno Estresse Pós-Traumático e/ou Transtorno Estresse Agudo. Método: O estudo foi realizado com 14 militares sobreviventes do terremoto ocorrido no Haiti em janeiro de 2010, divididos em dois grupos: A (soterrados) e B (não soterrados). Foram utilizados para avaliação: entrevista inicial entrevista inicial e final, os testes IES- Escala de Impacto de Eventos e ISSL - Inventário de Sintomas de estresse de Lipp (antes e após a intervenção), EMDR, e reencontro (follow-up) seis meses após o último atendimento. Resultados: De acordo com os resultados obtidos no IES, os sujeitos que tinham o nível de estresse entre grave, moderado e leve, passaram após a intervenção para o nível leve e recomendado. Em relação aos sintomas físicos e emocionais (flashbacks, insônia, pesadelos, agressividade, instabilidade de humor e aumento no consumo de álcool), os sujeitos não apresentavam mais a queixa ao término das intervenções. Conclusões: Com base nos resultados apresentados podemos afirmar que o EMDR é uma técnica eficaz para resolução do transtorno estresse pós-traumático, assim como na sua prevenção, em vítimas de terremoto.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Introduction: We know that when a person experiences a critical incident, such exposure has considerable impact on their overall functioning. Thus, to ensure the recovery of the Brazilian military who were in Haiti, we choose the EMDR technique created by Dra.Francine Shapiro, who finds theoretical support in recent discoveries in the field to perform neuropsychological interventions. Rationale: The EMDR is an effective technique that allows the trauma stored in short-term memory to pass the long-term memory, since with the stimuli it creates new neural connections that bring relief, peace and acceptance. Currently there are more than 20 randomized trials that support its effectiveness. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of EMDR technique in the recovery of victims of the earthquake in Haiti, which had Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and / or Acute Stress Disorder. Method: The study was conducted with 14 military survivors of the earthquake in Haiti in January 2010, divided into two groups: A (buried) and B (not buried). All patients were evaluated: initial initial interview and final interview, tests IES-Impact of Events Scale and ISSL - Symptom Inventory stress Lipp (before and after the intervention), EMDR, and reunion (follow-up) six months after the last treatment. Results: According to the results of the IES, the subjects who had the stress level between severe, moderate and mild, passed after the intervention to the level recommended lightweight. Regarding the physical and emotional symptoms (flashbacks, insomnia, nightmares, aggression, mood instability and increased consumption of alcohol), subjects no longer had the complaint at the end of the interventions. Conclusions: Based on the presented results we can state that EMDR is an effective technique for resolution of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as its prevention, earthquake victims.</text>
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                <text>Objetivos da aprendizagem: Apresentar uma aplicação do EMDR em situação de luto após desastre aéreo que gerou grande comoção nacional. Relatar casos de aplicação bem sucedida do EMDR a parentes das possíveis vítimas – não confirmadas num primeiro momento – do acidente, com objetivo de aliviar o sofrimento dos enlutados. Analisar os resultados obtidos pelo uso do EMDR como ferramenta para trabalhar o momento presente dando suporte emocional aos parentes supostamente enlutados, proporcionando aos pacientes mecanismos de enfrentamento da situação de incerteza sobre a morte e dos trâmites burocráticos. Discutir o uso do EMDR que, neste caso específico, levou os pacientes a processar o acontecimento de forma tal que a implementação do trauma foi evitada. Consolidar conhecimento acerca do enfrentamento de situações adversas para o psicólogo durante grave comoção pública. Debater o uso do EMDR como psicoterapia breve in loco, durante as crises dos enlutados. Discutir como amenizar o sofrimento dos pacientes que passam por situações particulares de crise ou descompensação caracterizadoras de quadros reativos agudos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Learning Objectives: Present an application of EMDR in a situation mourning after plane crash that generated large national uproar. Report cases of application and successful EMDR to relatives of the possible victims - unconfirmed at first - The accident, in order to alleviate the suffering of the bereaved. Analyze the results obtained by use of EMDR as a tool to work the present time giving emotional support to bereaved relatives allegedly providing patients coping mechanisms of the uncertainty about death and red tape. Discuss the use of EMDR that in this particular case, it took patients to process the event in such a way that implementation of the trauma was avoided. consolidate knowledge of coping adverse situations for the psychologist during severe public outcry. Discuss the use of EMDR as brief psychotherapy on the spot during the crises of mourners. Discuss how to alleviate suffering of patients who undergo situations particular crisis or decompensation characterizing acute reactive frame.</text>
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              <text>Guoqiu Zhao&lt;br /&gt;Yongguang Wang &lt;br /&gt;Yiqiang Wang &lt;br /&gt;Shufen Fu&lt;br /&gt;Jisheng Tang &lt;br /&gt;Rifang Cao</text>
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              <text>Zhao, G., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Fu, S., Tang, J, &amp;amp; Cao, R. (2008). [4.28 Jinan Railway accident casualty psychological crisis intervention]. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 8. Chinese</text>
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                <text>4·28 胶济铁路交通事故伤员心理危机干预结果分析 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4.28 Jinan Railway accident casualty psychological crisis intervention</text>
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                <text>目的分析淄博铁路交通事故伤员心理行为反应特点以寻找救治交通事故后患者的心理的有效方法。方法采用心理危机结构式访谈问卷，对2008年4月28日发生的山东淄博胶济铁路重大交通事故中的226伤员进行心理状态评估，并对22名ASD患者进行眼动脱敏再加工（eyemovement desensitization and reprocessing，EMDR）治疗，比较EMDR治疗前后的心理行为反应的差异。结果有22名达到ASD（急性应激障碍）诊断标准，本次铁路交通事故中ASD的发生率为9．73％，伤员中主要以闯入、警觉性增高表现为主，并伴随着其他的负性情绪体验。女性组ASD的发生率（14．85％）高于男性组（5．60％），P〈0．05。女性组心理行为反应结果明显重于男性组（P〈0．05），EMDR能够显著改善ASD患者的闯入、警觉性增高症状（P〈0．01），但愤怒情绪没有显著改善（（P=0．227））。结论铁路交通事故后，女性比男性更容易发生ASD。EMDR可有效地解决ASD患者除愤怒以外的心理危机。 br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To analyze the Zibo railway accident casualties psychological and behavioral response characteristics to look for the psychological treatment of patients after accidents effective way. Methods of psychological crisis structured interview questionnaire, on April 28, 2008 occurred in Zibo, Shandong Jinan Railway major traffic accident in the 226 wounded mental state assessment, and 22 ASD patients with eye movement desensitization reprocessing (eyemovement desensitization and reprocessing, EMDR) therapy, EMDR therapy compared before and after the psychological and behavioral differences in response. Results 22 reaches ASD (acute stress disorder) diagnostic criteria, this railway accident in ASD incidence 9.73%, mainly in the wounded into, alertness increased performance-based, along with other negative emotional experience. The incidence of ASD female group (14.85%) than male group (5.60%), P</text>
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              <text>Jordan, J., Titscher, G., &amp;amp; Kirsch, H. (2011, September).  [&lt;a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00399-011-0148-8"&gt;Treatment manual for psychotherapy of acute and posttraumatic stress disorders after multiple ICD shocks&lt;/a&gt;]. Herzschrittmachertherapie &amp;amp; Elektrophysiologie, 22(3), 189-201. doi:10.1007/s00399-011-0148-8. German</text>
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                <text>Angesichts der steigenden Zahl implantierter Defibrillatoren in allen Industrienationen wächst auch die Zahl derjenigen Menschen, die sog. Mehrfachschocks („electrical storm“, ES) erleiden. Häufige Beschwerden sind starke und ständig wiederkehrende massive Ängste, Panikattacken, Todesangst, Hilf- und Hoffnungslosigkeit, Depressionen, Nervosität und Gereiztheit, sowie Rückzugs- und ausuferndes Vermeidungsverhalten, Intrusionen, Albträume, Flashbacks, Schlaflosigkeit und die Unfähigkeit der Gefühlsempfindung sowie eine eingeschränkte Zukunftsperspektive. Da Menschen mit einem ICD häufig körperlich (sehr) krank und nach den ICD-Mehrfachschocks zusätzlich massiv verunsichert sind, scheint es wesentlich, dass die stationäre Behandlung in einer Einrichtung durchgeführt wird, die über eine enge Anbindung an und räumliche Nähe zu einer kardiologischen Abteilung verfügt. Basis der Diagnostik ist die klinische Anamnese und die systematische Exploration der traumatischen Situation und der resultierenden Beschwerden. Als zusätzliche diagnostische Elemente sollten testpsychologische Verfahren zur Erfassung der Kernsymptomatik zum Einsatz kommen (Angst, Depression, Traumasymptome). Zur Diagnostik sollte eine testpsychologische Untersuchung gehören, damit am Ende der Behandlung auch für den Patienten sichtbar wird, welche Veränderungen eingetreten sind. Im Mittelpunkt der stationären Behandlung steht die tägliche intensive Psychotherapie. In ihrem Rahmen finden Elemente tiefenpsychologisch fundierter Psychotherapie und verhaltenstherapeutisch orientierte Angsttherapie sowie kognitive Umstrukturierung und Elemente des EMDR ihren Platz. Eine Nachuntersuchung innerhalb von 4 Monaten nach den Mehrfachschocks ist angeraten, weil PTSD Symptome zuweilen erst mit großer Latenz auftreten. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In view of the inceasing number of implanted defibrillators in all industrial nations, the number of people who have suffered so-called multiple shocks (electrical storm, ES) also increases. Common complaints are severe and continuously recurrent massive anxiety, panic attacks, fear of death, helplessness and hopelessness, depression, nervosity and irritability as well as reclusive and uncontrollable avoidance behaviour, intrusions, nightmares, flashbacks, sleeplessness and the inability to show feelings and limitation of future perspectives. Because people with an ICD are often physically (very) ill and after multiple ICD shocks are additionally very insecure, it would seem logical if the inpatient treatment would be carried out in an institution which has close connections and is also spatially close to a cardiology department. The basis of the diagnostics is the clinical anamnesis and a systematic exploration of the trauma situation and the resulting complaints. As an additional diagnostic element psychological test procedures should be implemented to determine the core symptomatic (anxiety, depression, trauma symptoms). Psychological test procedures should be included in the diagnostics so that at the end of treatment it is obvious even to the patient which alterations have occurred. The core element of inpatient treatment is daily intensive psychotherapy and includes deep psychologically well-founded psychotherapy and behavioral therapeutic-oriented anxiety therapy as well as cognitive restructuring and elements of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). A follow-up examination within 4 months of the multiple shocks episode is recommended because symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder often occur after a long latent time period.</text>
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                <text>In Foreningen EMDR Sverige, Inkomna synpunkter, Nationella riktlinjer för depressionssjukdom och ångestsyndrom preliminär, (pp. 163-164). Denmark: Riksforeningen Psykoterapi Centrum</text>
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                <text>Föreningen EMDR Sverige vill lämna följande kommentarer till utkastet till riktlinjer avseende behandling av akut stressyndrom och posttraumatiskt stressyndrom. International Society for Traumatic Stress studies gör regelbundet sammanställningar av evidensläget [1]. Det är viktigt att beakta att psykologiska behandlingsformer i form av traumafokuserad KBT och EMDR är de viktigaste och mest effektiva behandlingar. EMDR har varit kontroversiell men är det inte längre, utan är en internationellt accepterad behandlingsmetod för PTSD. Det är fortfarande inte allmänt accepterad att ögonrörelser har betydelse, men nyligen har svensk och australisk forskning visat att ögonrörelser under EMDR har tydliga fysiologiska effekter som är meningsfulla [2, 9], dessutom har alla studier av fysiologi vid EMDR hittills samstämmande visat dessa effekter, enligt en litteratursammanställning [3]. Under senaste åren har forskning om minnesfunktion och sakkadiska ögonrörelser visat att minnessystem som till exempel episodminne (som ofta är störd vid PTSD) påverkas på ett gynnsamt sätt av ögonrörelser [4-8]. Således finns det i dag mycket som stödjer att ögonrörelser är meningsfulla även om det kan vara svårt att förstå vid första anblicken. EMDR och exponeringsbehandling är lika effektiva enligt metastudier, bland annat Cochrane och i ISTSS aktuella genomgång av effektiva behandlingsmetoder för PTSD. Referenser 1. Foa E, Keane TM, Friedman MJ &amp;amp; Cohen JA. 2009. Effective Treatments for PTSD Practice Guidelines from the International Society fro Traumatic Stress Studies. Guilford,New York. 2. Elofsson, U.O., et al., Physiological correlates of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Journal of anxiety disorders, 2008. 22(4): p. 622-34. 3. Söndergaard, E., Psychophysiological studies of EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2008. 2(4): p. 282-288. 4. Stickgold, R., EMDR: A putative neurobiological mechanism of action. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2002. 58(1): p. 61-75. 5. Parker, A. and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements on gist based false recognition in the DRM paradigm. Brain and cognition, 2007. 63(3): p. 221-5. 6. Parker, A., S. Relph, and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements on the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information. Neuropsychology, 2008. 22(1): p. 136-45. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;EMDR Association of Sweden makes the following comments to Draft Guidelines for the treatment of acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies makes regular summaries of evidence-mode [1]. It is important to note that psychological treatments in the form of trauma-focused CBT and EMDR is the most important and most effective treatments. EMDR has been controversial but it is no longer, but is an internationally accepted method of treatment for PTSD. There is still no generally accepted that eye movements are important, but lately, Swedish and Australian research has shown that eye movements during EMDR has clear physiological effects that are meaningful [2, 9], Moreover, all studies of physiology at the convergence of EMDR to date shown these effects, according to a literature review [3]. In recent years, research on memory function and Sakka wash eye movements showed that memory systems, such as episodic memory (which is often is disturbed in PTSD) is affected in a favorable way of eye movements [4-8]. Thus today there are a lot of support that eye movements are meaningful although it may be difficult to understand at first glance. EMDR and exposure therapy are as effective as meta-studies, including Cochrane and in ISTSS current review of effective treatments for PTSD. References 1st Foa E, Keane TM, Friedman MJ &amp;amp; Cohen JA. 2009th Effective Treatments for PTSD Practice Guidelines from the International Society fro Traumatic Stress Studies. Guilford, New York. 2nd Elofsson, UO, et al., Physiological correlator of eye movement desensitization and Reprocessing. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2008. 22 (4): p. 622-34. 3rd Sondergaard, E., Psychophysiological studies of EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2008. 2 (4): p. 282-288. 4th Gold Stick, R., EMDR: A putative neuro Biological mechanism of action. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2002. 58 (1): p. 61-75. 5th Parker, A. and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements on GIST-based false recognition in the DRM paradigm. Brain and Cognition, 2007th 63 (3): p. 221-5. 6th Parker, A., S. Relph, and N. Dagnall, Effects of bilateral eye movements On the retrieval of item, associative, and contextual information. Neuro-Psychology, 2008. 22 (1): p. 136-45.</text>
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                <text>4•28"胶济铁路交通事故伤员心理危机的干预 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Psychological intervention in the casualties of 4 · 28 train crash on the Jiao-Ji railway line</text>
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                <text>目的分析淄博铁路交通事故伤员心理行为反应特点以寻找救治交通事故后患者的心理的有效方法。方法采用心理危机结构式访谈问卷，对2008年4月28日发生的山东淄博胶济铁路重大交通事故中的226伤员进行心理状态评估，并对22名ASD患者进行眼动脱敏再加工（eyemovement desensitization and reprocessing，EMDR）治疗，比较EMDR治疗前后的心理行为反应的差异。结果有22名达到ASD（急性应激障碍）诊断标准，本次铁路交通事故中ASD的发生率为9．73％，伤员中主要以闯入、警觉性增高表现为主，并伴随着其他的负性情绪体验。女性组ASD的发生率（14．85％）高于男性组（5．60％），P〈0．05。女性组心理行为反应结果明显重于男性组（P〈0．05），EMDR能够显著改善ASD患者的闯入、警觉性增高症状（P〈0．01），但愤怒情绪没有显著改善（（P=0．227））。结论铁路交通事故后，女性比男性更容易发生ASD。EMDR可有效地解决ASD患者除愤怒以外的心理危机。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Objective: To investigate the psychological characteristics in the casualties of 4.28 train crash on the Jiao-Ji railway track and to find a effective way to relieve the psychological crisis induced by traffic accident. Method: A total of 226 casualties were assessed in respect of psychological crisis with interview questionnaire after 4.28 train track on Jiao-ji railwayine. Twenty-two casualties meeting acute stress disorder (ASD) criteria from DSM-IV were treated with EMDR. The therapeutic effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on ASD were assessed. Results: The incidence of ASD was 9.73% (22 casualties). The major psychological consequences in casualties were intrusive symptoms, symptoms of hyperarousal, and negative emotional symptoms. Significant differences on gender had been found in incidence rate of ASD female 14.85% and male 5.60%, P 0.05). Conclusions: The women showed more severe psychological consequences than men after train crash accident. EMDR was effective treatment on ASD but negative emotional symptoms.</text>
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                <text>Akut stres bozuklu¤unda bir müdahale tekni¤inin uygulanabilirli¤i: Göz hareketleri ile duyars›zlaflt›rma ve yeniden ‹flleme (EMDR) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Applicability of an intervention technique in acute stress disorder: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)</text>
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                <text>Yeni Symposium Journal, 47(4), 178-186</text>
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                <text>2009, October</text>
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                <text>Turkish</text>
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                <text>Journal</text>
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                <text>Akut stres bozukluğu, Türkiye'de giderek artan ve kişinin hayat kalitesini oldukça bozabilen bir sorundur. Bu konuyla ilgili olarak yapılan çalışmalarda hangi tedavi şeklinin daha yararlı olduğu konusunda kesin bir karara varılamamıştır. Göz Hareketleri ile Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme [Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: EMDR] tekniği, travmatik anıların birkaç uygulama oturumunda çözümlenebileceğini ifâde eden bir yaklaşımdır. EMDR oturumlarında hastadan yaşadığı bir travma sahnesi hayâl etmesini, olumsuz benlik imajı, travma ile ilgili olumsuz duyguları ve beden duyumlarını aklında tutması istenmektedir. Hastaya çift taraflı uyarı verilmektedir [gözün sağa sola hareketi, sağ ve sol kulağa verilen ses veya sağ ve sol ele verilen titreşim vb.]. Daha sonra danışana ortaya çıkan görüntü, duygu ve fiziksel duyumları anlatmaktadır. Bu tekrarlanan işlemler hastadaki olumsuz düşünce ve duygular duyarsızlaşıncaya kadar devam etmektedir. Olumsuz duygu ve düşüncelerin yerini olumlu duygu ve düşünceler almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı hastaların hayat kalitelerini bozan ve travma sonrasındaki ilk 4 hafta içinde aşırı korku, çaresizlik veya duygusal tepkisizlikle beraber, diğer belirtilerin de görülebildiği akut stres bozukluğunun tedavisinde yeni bir yöntem olan ve 2 yıldır aktif olarak uyguladığımız göz hareketleri ile duyarsızlaştırma ve yeniden işleme [EMDR] tekniği konusunda yazılmış literatür bilgilerini gözden geçirerek bu konuda son yaklaşımların ortaya konulmasını sağlamaktır. Bununla birlikte EMDR tekniğinin yaygınlaştırılarak faâl olarak kullanılması hem hastalar hem de uygulayıcılar açısından büyük yararlar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Acute stress disorder is a syndrome that significantly disturbs the quality of life and has been increasingly observed in Turkey. Although there are many studies on this subject, there is no consensus about the best treatment choice. Eye Movements Desensitization and Reprocessing [EMDR] technique is a novel approach that helps to resolve traumatic memories in a few sessions. In EMDR sessions, patients are asked to think about the trauma scene that has occurred and keep the negative self image and negative feelings about the trauma and bodily feelings in mind. Bilateral stimulation is presented to the patient [right and left movement of the eye, sound to right and left ear and vibration to right and left hand etc]. Later arising images express the feelings and physical sensations. This procedure is repeated until desensitization to negative thought and feelings are achieved. Negative thought and feelings are replaced by positive thought and feelings. Purpose of this study is to review the studies in literature and describe the up-to-date approaches about EMDR technique which is a novel method in treatment of acute stress disorder that disturbs patient quality of life and presents with excessive fear, desperation, emotional desensitization and other symptoms within 4 weeks following the trauma and we have been using this treatment method frequently for more then 2 years. Nevertheless widespread and effective use of EMDR will provide considerable benefit for both patients and the performers.</text>
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              <text>P. Spuijbroek</text>
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              <text>ASD, Autism, Autistic Spectrum Disorder</text>
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          <description>emdr_accuracy</description>
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              <text>Spuijbroek, P. (2010, July). EMDR and ASD? Yes! EMDR in relation with austistic spectrum. Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia</text>
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                <text>EMDR and ASD? Yes! EMDR in relation with austistic spectrum</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="368159">
                <text>Presentation at the 1st EMDR Asia Conference, Bali, Indonesia</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="368163">
                <text>English</text>
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            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="368168">
                <text>A lot of children with autism spectrum disorders are treated with EMDR in my practice, especially whenever there are traumatic situations, ( i.e. bullying!!, sexual harassment) anxiety, often as a start of further treatment or embedded in an cognitive therapy. I want to share my experiences with other participants by showing videos and be helpful with solutions/ adjustments in treatments. Make participants aware of different approaches. Why is EMDR useful at ASD, indications and contra indication, which difficulties are being to be considered with clients with ASD, which results could be expected? And which solutions or adjustments are helpful. My presentation has videos, which will show the theory.</text>
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        <name>ASD</name>
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        <name>Autism Spectrum Disorders</name>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>EMDR Collection</text>
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      <name>Journal</name>
      <description/>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Document #</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="367263">
              <text>07014</text>
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          <name>Author(s)</name>
          <description>dc_creator</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="367264">
              <text>Masaya Ichii&lt;br /&gt;Hiroaki Kumano</text>
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          <name>Year</name>
          <description>emdr_year</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="367267">
              <text>1996</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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          <name>Link to Document (e.g. DOI, PDF)</name>
          <description>emdr_title_link</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="367269">
              <text>&lt;a href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/organ/journal/INT1000005000_en.html"&gt;http://ci.nii.ac.jp/organ/journal/INT1000005000_en.html&lt;/a&gt;</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
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          <description>emdr_source_link</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="367270">
              <text>http://www.emdr.jp/emdr%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87/</text>
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        <element elementId="104">
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          <description>emdr_subject</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="367273">
              <text>Acute Stress Disorder, ASD, Earthquake, EMD, Kobe</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
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          <name>Accuracy Verified?</name>
          <description>emdr_accuracy</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="367274">
              <text>Yes</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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          <name>Archived</name>
          <description>emdr_archived</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="367275">
              <text>No</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="367277">
              <text>Ichii, M., &amp;amp; Kumano, H. (1996). &lt;a href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/organ/journal/INT1000005000_en.html"&gt;[Eye movement desensitization by Kobe earthquake victims with acute stress disorder (EMD) application].&lt;/a&gt; Japanese Association of Brief Psychotherapy, 5, 53-70. Japanese</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="367265">
                <text>急性ストレス障害の阪神・淡路大震災被災者に対する眼球運動による脱感作法(EMD)の適用 ブリーフサイコセラピー研究 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eye movement desensitization by Kobe earthquake victims with acute stress disorder (EMD) application</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="367266">
                <text>Japanese Association of Brief Psychotherapy, 5, 53-70</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>1996</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="367271">
                <text>Japanese</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="367276">
                <text>著者らは、EMDを（眼球運動脱感作）阪神淡路大震災から受けたとのASD（急性ストレス障害）の生存者として1ヶ月と診断地震次の2つの女性に適用されます。セッションの中で、彼らの恐れが減少した。その結果、EMDには、ASDクライアントのPTSDを防ぐために使用できることを示した。 25歳焦がすの女性は当初、外傷に関連する画像（例えば、火）、8の初期SUDにレベルを訴えた。眼球運動（EM）の苦痛のレベルの4つの後に0に減少した。眼球運動の7番目のセット後、彼女はそれが終わると、"として完全に本当だった認知"を評価した。 5ヵ月後には、これらの治療の変更が症状のいずれか再発することなく維持された。関連は、この場合、二次的利得と自己使用で議論された。また、結婚28歳の女性、EMDの治療のセッション中に恐怖感の強いreexperienced地震に関連する症状。迅速SUDには0のレベルに減少したEMの11セットの後に恐れている。同時に、彼女は彼女が望ましい認知または"すべては疑いの余地なくすべての権利"は信じられないと報じた。方法はEMDを適用することで画像や正認知の治療に議論された。また、症状の適用範囲やEMDとEMDRの違いが議論された。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The authors applied EMD (Eye Movement Desensitization) to two women who suffered from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and were diagnosed with ASD (Acute Stress Disorder) one month following the earthquake. Within a session, their fears were diminished. The result showed that EMD can be used for ASD clients to prevent PTSD. A 25-year-old single woman initially complained of trauma-related imagery (e.g., fire) with an initial SUD level of eight. After four sets of Eye Movement (EMs), the level of distress decreased to 0. After the seventh set of eye movements, she rated the cognition "it was over" as entirely true. Five months later, these therapeutic changes were maintained without any relapse of symptoms. Associated with this case, secondary gain and self-use were discussed. In addition, a married 28-year-old woman re-experienced earthquake-related symptoms with a strong sense of fear during the therapy session of EMD. The fear quickly decreased to a level of 0 on SUD after the eleventh set of EMs. At the same time, she reported that she could believe a desirable cognition or "everything is all right" without any doubt. The approach to incorporating imagery and positive cognition in EMD treatment was discussed. Furthermore, an applicable range of symptoms and the differences between EMD and EMDR were discussed.</text>
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        <name>Kobe</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="364010">
              <text>06687</text>
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              <text>Eva Münker-Kramer</text>
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              <text>2008</text>
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              <text>Acute Stress Disorder, ASD</text>
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              <text>Yes</text>
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              <text>Münker-Kramer, E. (2008, September). [EMDR and acute traumatization]. Preconference presentation at the 11th European Society of Hypnosis Conference, Vienna, Austria. German</text>
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                <text>Existing research into the after effects of traumatic experiences with regard to children and adolescents is scanty. Early intervention is intended to prevent or at least reduce chronic manifestation of acute traumatic strain (Zehnder, Hornung &amp;amp; Lanolt, 2006) since such strain has a negative impact on the child's day-to-day quality of life and overall development, including the development and functioning of the brain (Cohen, Perel, DeBellis, Friedman &amp;amp; Putnam, 2002). Studies of multiple trauma among adults and adolescents have shown that the severity of any impairment upon their psychological health must be seen in relation to the number of traumatic experiences that took place during childhood (Turner RJ, Lloyd DA 1995, Finkelhor D, Omrod RK, Turner HA 2007-1, Finkelhor D, Omrod RK, Turner HA 2007-11, Holt MK. Finkelhor D, Kantor CK 2007). In this process, interpersonal traumatic experiences such as accidents or severe illnesses can adversely affect development as much as traumatic exposure connected to elements of crime. Objectives: Interventions following acute traumatic strain will be examined with regard to the symptoms and the mental health of children and adolescents with multiple trauma experience in the long term. The study will examine whether early intervention has a positive effect on symptoms and whether such effects are of a short or long-term nature. The study should show whether gender specific and/or age specific correlation can be identified in the development of symptoms according to specific types of trauma, and whether risk groups can be identified as a result. The study will examine whether there exists an independent sub-group of children with multiple trauma under the age of 6, whose symptoms correspond to a developmental trauma disorder (van der Kolk 2005). Methods: The study will be divided into a retrospective and prospective part. The retrospective part will contain an examination of the treatment results of 150 children and adolescents with multiple trauma experiences in the Vestische Children's Clinic in Datteln between 2002 and 2009. This will be followed by an evaluation of the treatment results by way of a newly developed telephone catamnesis, based on validated questionnaires (CRIES-13, ILK, Telekat) for measurement points TI-T3 Results: First results of the retrospective examination of children and adolescents with multiple trauma experience will be presented in comparison to the results of the evaluation of specific therapeutic early interventions following acute strain among children and adolescents with mono trauma experience.</text>
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              <text>Opperman-Schmid, F. (2010, June). 5 years of EMDR in a general practioners practise. In Treatment of children/acute stress. Symposium conducted at the 11th EMDR Europe Association Conference, Hamburg, Germany</text>
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                <text>This study describes the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in clients suffering from posttraumatic stress symptoms after recent traumatic experience. Between November 2003 and July 2009, 45 clients of a general medicine practise with stress reactions and inability to work after a recent traumatic event were treated with EMDR. The number of active EMDR sessions varied from 1 to 5 sessions. After this short time of active treatment, everyone of these clients was free of symptoms and able to take up work again. After a three months period, those clients were reinvestigated. Up to this time, none of them had suffered from symptoms of distress or accumulation of trauma memories or inability to go to work. The study shows an interesting aspect in EMDR treatment: general practitioners are the first to be consulted by clients with recent trauma. EMDR is shown to be very effective in treatment of stress symptoms after recent trauma. Consequently, an early intervention with EMDR reduces stress symptoms and the period of inability. This is to promote interest and awareness specially among general practitioners with psychotherapy training.</text>
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              <text>O. A. Aytun&lt;br /&gt;G. Ozcan&lt;br /&gt;A. Ciftci&lt;br /&gt;Emre Konuk &lt;br /&gt;Hakan Yuksek&lt;br /&gt;D. Karakus&lt;br /&gt;S. Cavusoglu&lt;br /&gt;D. Vatan Ozcelik</text>
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              <text>Aytun, O. A., Ozcan, G., Ciftci, A,. Konuk, E. Yuksek, H., Karakus, D., Cavusoglu S., &amp;amp; Vatan Ozcelik, D. (2010, June). The effects of early EMDR interventions (EMD and R-TEP) on the victims of a terrorist bombing in Istanbul. In Treatment of children/acute stress. Symposium conducted at the 11th EMDR Europe Association Conference, Hamburg, Germany</text>
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                <text>Presenter: Filiz Kaya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The present study is carried out within a psychological counseling project which is governed by Istanbul metroplitan Municipality. The study was designed to assess the effects of Early EMDR Intervention (EEI) on the victims of a terrorist bombing in Gungoren, Istanbul. Subjects were the victims of a terrorist bombing in Gungoren, Istanbul. The participants were selected from a pool of children and adults, who lived in Gungoren and scored high on the Turkish version of 'Impact of Event Scale' (IES) and PTSD Symptom Checklist. The subjects were contacted 2 days after the bomb attack so that we were able to measure the event impact right after the traumatic experience, which will help us to demonstrate how EMDR affects the impact of the event more accurately. Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) as an EEI technique was used to treat the child participants, whereas Recent Traumatic Event Protocol (R-TEP) which incorporates the EMD and Recent Event (RE) protocols, was received by the adult participants The therapists (EMDR certified therapists, who were receiving supervision) met with the participants weekly to work only on the trauma of the bombing and participants completed impact of Event Scale prior to each session. The number of the sessions was restricted to the completion of EMD and R-TEP. The study is completed with a three month follow-up. Analyses of the data collected from the participants demonstrates the level of effectiveness of EMDR in children and adults, in prevention of PTSD and the use of EMDR as a crises intervention tool.</text>
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                <text>The present study is carried out within a psychological counseling project which is governed by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. The study was designed to assess the effects of EMDR Integrated Group Treatment Protocol (EMDR-ICTP: on the child victims of a terrorist bombing in Gun Goren, Istanbul. In this study the EMDR-IGTP was used with 60 children who are in 5th, 3rd and 4th grade and effected by the event (exposed, witnessed or their relatives harmed, etc.) with high scores on the Turkish version of 'Impact of Event Scale' (IES). Before the group session. Child Report of Post-Traumatic Symptoms (CROPS) and a survey asking 5 stress-related symptoms of their lives after the bomb attack were applied. The group sessions consist of: meeting with children. explaining trauma, psychological debriefing, EMDR (Installing the safe place, assessment, drawing the first picture, drawing the second and the third picture, tapping, relaxation), healing story and art therapy. Participants completed another survey about what they have realized during and after their group experience. The study is completed with a re-evaluation of one and three months follow-up. Analyses of the data collected from the participants will demonstrate the effectiveness of EMDR in group setting with children for reducing traumatic symptoms and developing new resources to handle problems. In this study the effectiveness of EMDR is examined according to the difference between the ages of children, and the level of exposure (witnessing, watching on TV etc.) to the traumatic event.</text>
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              <text>Quinn, G. (2009, June). Early interventions for acute trauma. Preconference presentation at the 10th EMDR Europe Association Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20635"&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20635&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6394</text>
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              <text>Ponniah, K., &amp;amp; Hollon, S. D. (2009). &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20635"&gt;Empirically supported psychological treatments for adult acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: A review.&lt;/a&gt; Depression and Anxiety, 26(12), 1086-1109. doi:10.1002/da.20635</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Acute stress disorder (ASD) predicts the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which in some sufferers can persist for years and lead to significant disability. We carried out a review of randomized controlled trials to give an update on which psychological treatments are empirically supported for these disorders, and used the criteria set out by Chambless and Hollon [1998: J Consult Clin Psychol 66:7-18] to draw conclusions about efficacy, first irrespective of trauma type and second with regard to particular populations. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The PsycINFO and PubMed databases were searched electronically to identify suitable articles published up to the end of 2008. Fifty-seven studies satisfied our inclusion criteria. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Looking at the literature undifferentiated by trauma type, there was evidence that trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are efficacious and specific for PTSD, stress inoculation training, hypnotherapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, and psychodynamic therapy are possibly efficacious for PTSD and trauma-focused CBT is possibly efficacious for ASD. Not one of these treatments has been tested with the full range of trauma groups, though there is evidence that trauma-focused CBT is established in efficacy for assault- and road traffic accident-related PTSD. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Trauma-focused CBT and to a lesser extent EMDR (due to fewer studies having been conducted and many having had a mixed trauma sample) are the psychological treatments of choice for PTSD, but further research of these and other therapies with different populations is needed.</text>
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              <text>Hase, M. (2002, May). EMDR in the treatment of acute stress disorder. Symposium (G. Seidler &amp;amp; F. Ebner, Chairs) presented at the 3rd EMDR Europe Association Conference, Frankfurt, Germany</text>
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                <text>The workshop provides novel concepts regarding the nature of Acute Stress Syndromes following research in Israel. The use of a single session, modified protocol for EMDR in ASS is described, following terror attacks, motor vehicle accidents, and the war with Lebanon. The following themes will be covered in the workshop. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Part one: Novel approaches to Acute Stress Syndromes – Redefining the time axis of SS; the diagnosis of Immediate; Acute Stress Reaction (ASR) and Prediction of Risk Vulnerability: A novel assessment tool; a review of Acute Post Traumatic Stress Syndromes and how they differ from chronic PTSD; the characteristics of intrusive phenomena in ASS; and a phase oriented intervention model for ASS. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Part Two: EMDR in ASS – A brief review regarding the nature of EMDR and PTSD; the modified brief EMDR Protocol; the use of a single session EMDR in ASS – in a GH practice, during terror attacks and following war situations; clinical demonstrations of a single session EMDR in ASS patients (video movies); indications, advantages and precautions using the single session EMDR intervention; and possible psycho-physiological mechanisms.</text>
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              <text>Kutz, I. (2009). &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.57"&gt;To the editor. &lt;/a&gt;Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(1), 57-58. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.1.57</text>
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                <text>Reply by the current author to the comments made by Rosemary Masters (see record 2009-02768-007) on the original article by I. Kutz, V. Resnik and R. Dekel (see record 2008-13102-003). I sincerely thank Ms. Masters for her important comments. Indeed, to the list of confounding variables enumerated by Ms. Masters, one may add others like suggestibility. She may have missed the main point of the article—the immediacy of the response. By equating the epidemiological figures of natural recovery from trauma exposure to the numbers described in our study, Ms. Masters is comparing a process that progresses over several months to a process that occurred within a single session that lasted approximately 45 minutes. More strikingly, these dramatic changes in traumatic memories and intrusion distress are tightly correlated with the EMDR set, which lasted a minute or less and appeared within a minute or two after the set. However, since we did not systematically follow up on many of those patients we described, we should emphasize and restate that 50% of our population had complete immediate relief following a single session of EMDR.</text>
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                <text>Acute Belastungsstörung (ASD) und Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTSD) sind häufige, aber nicht zwingend psychologische Folgeerscheinungen nach einem Trauma. Eine wichtige Untergruppe der Patienten vor einer chronischen Verlauf der Erkrankung mit einem erhöhten psychiatrischen Komorbidität und erhebliche Beeinträchtigungen in psychosozialen Anpassung assoziiert. Der typische psychopathologische Symptome von ASD und PTSD werden am besten in einem multifaktoriellen Modell der Integration sowohl neurobiologische und psychosoziale Einflüsse beschrieben. Die komplexen Ätiopathogenese von akuten und posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung begünstigt multimodalen Ansätzen in der Behandlung. Differential psychotherapeutische und pharmakologische Strategien zur Verfügung stehen. In einer kritischen Studie über empirische Studien, können psychologische Debriefing nicht als einen positiven Ansatz betrachtet werden, als allgemeine vorbeugende Maßnahme in der unmittelbaren posttraumatischen Phase empfohlen werden. Positive Auswirkungen der kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Interventionen kann für ASD eingerichtet werden. Psychodynamische Psychotherapie, kognitive Verhaltenstherapie und EMDR zeigen viel versprechende Ergebnisse bei der Behandlung von PTSD. Wesentliche klinische Einschränkungen der Patienten innerhalb von speziellen Probenahmen Forschungseinrichtungen, jedoch nicht gestatten, eine bedingungslose Verallgemeinerung dieser Daten zu psychiatrischen Routineversorgung. In einer empirischen Analyse der SSRIs sind die meisten und am besten untersuchten Medikamente für ASD und PTSD. Im Vergleich zu trizyklischen Antidepressiva SSRIs zeigen ein breiteres Spektrum an therapeutischen Wirkungen und sind besser verträglich. Die Substanzklassen der SNRI, DAS, SARI und NaSSA sind als Medikamente der zweiten Wahl angesehen werden. Sie versprechen eine therapeutische Wirksamkeit der SSRI gleichwertig, wobei bisher nur in offenen Studien untersucht. MAO-Hemmer können eine positive therapeutische Potenzial verfügen, müssen ihr Profil der Nebenwirkungen geachtet, jedoch werden. Mood-Stabilisatoren und atypische Neuroleptika können in Anspruch genommen werden und vor allem im Add-On-Strategien. Benzodiazepine sollten nur mit Vorsicht erhöht für eine kurze Zeit in den Staaten der akuten Krise eingesetzt werden. In frühen Interventionen, die blockierende Substanzen norepinephric Hyperaktivität scheinen vielversprechende Alternativen. Stress Dosen von Hydrocortison kann als experimentelle pharmakologische Strategie betrachtet so weit sein. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are frequent, but not obligatory psychological sequelae following trauma. A major subgroup of patients face a chronic course of illness associated with an increased psychiatric comorbidity and significant impairments in psychosocial adaptation. The typical psychopathological symptoms of ASD and PTSD are best described within a multifactorial model integrating both neurobiological and psychosocial influences. The complex etiopathogenesis of acute and posttraumatic stress disorder favours multimodal approaches in the treatment. Differential psychotherapeutic and pharmacological strategies are available. In a critical survey on empirical studies, psychological debriefing cannot be considered as a positive approach to be recommended as general preventive measure during the immediate posttraumatic phase. Positive effects of cognitive-behavioral interventions can be established for ASD. Psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy and EMDR show promising results in the treatment of PTSD. Major clinical restrictions of patient sampling within special research facilities, however, do not allow an unconditional generalization of these data to psychiatric routine care. In an empirical analysis the SSRIs are the most and best studied medications for ASD and PTSD. In comparison to tricyclic antidepressants SSRIs demonstrate a broader spectrum of therapeutic effects and are better tolerated. The substance classes of SSNRI, DAS, SARI and NaSSA are to be considered as drugs of second choice. They promise a therapeutic efficacy equivalent to the SSRIs, being investigated so far only in open studies. MAO-inhibitors may dispose of a positive therapeutic potential, their profile of side effects must be respected, however. Mood stabilizers and atypical neuroleptics may be used first and foremost in add-on strategies. Benzodiazepines should be used only with increased caution for a short time in states of acute crisis. In early interventions, substances blocking the norepinephric hyperactivity seem to be promising alternatives. Stress doses of hydrocortisone may be considered as an experimental pharmacological strategy so far.</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.3.3.141"&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.3.3.141&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Shapiro, E. (2009). &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.3.3.141"&gt;EMDR treatment of recent trauma.&lt;/a&gt; Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(3), 141-151. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.3.3.141</text>
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                <text>Although eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has demonstrated efficacy in treating chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and old trauma memories, EMDR treatment of recent traumatic events has not received adequate attention from EMDR researchers or clinicians. This article presents current thinking and findings about early psychological intervention following recent traumatic events and examines the status of early EMDR intervention (EEI) concepts and research. It is contended that this area has not developed sufficient awareness and definition among EMDR clinicians. Francine Shapiro's theoretical adaptive information-processing model predicts that dysfunctionally stored trauma memories underlie many current psychological disorders. Consequently, the assumption that memories of a recent traumatic event and its sequelae are not fully consolidated offers a unique role for EEI not only in reducing acute distress but also in preventing the sensitization and accumulation of trauma memories. A call is made for a more comprehensive approach to the field of EEI to promote interest and awareness among EMDR practitioners and to generate research.</text>
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              <text>Ilan Kutz&lt;br /&gt;R. Dekel &lt;br /&gt;S. Schreiber&lt;br /&gt;V. Resnick&lt;br /&gt;O. T. Dolberg&lt;br /&gt;G. Barkai&lt;br /&gt;A. Leor&lt;br /&gt;E. Rapoport&lt;br /&gt;M. Bloch</text>
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              <text>Acute Stress Disorder, ASD, Bombings, Israel, Palenstine, Panel, Symposium, Terrorists</text>
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          <name>Accuracy Verified?</name>
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              <text>Yes</text>
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              <text>Kutz, I., Dekel, R., Schreiber, S., Resnick, V., Dolberg, O. T., Barkai, G., Leor, A., Rapoport, E., &amp;amp; Bloch, M. (2008, November). The effect of a single session of EMDR on intrusive distress in acute stress syndromes. Symposium conducted at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 24th Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL</text>
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                <text>The effect of a single session of EMDR on intrusive distress in acute stress syndromes</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="350217">
                <text>Symposium conducted at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 24th Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL</text>
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                <text>Early diagnosis and intervention in mass casualty events: Since September 2000, Israeli and Palestinian societies suffered great losses. on the Israeli side, civilians of all ages, and ethnic groups, have been exposed to various types of terrorist attacks. This symposium examines issues of diagnosis and interventions &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The effect of a single session of EMDR on intrusive distress in acute stress syndromes: Purpose: To examine the efficacy of a single session of a modified abridged EMDR protocol in reducing Acute Stress Syndromes (ASS) following accidents and terrorist bombing attacks. Methods: Treatment was provided, in a general hospital inpatient and out-patient setting to 86 patients with ASS. Friday: 11:00 a.m. – 12:15 p.m. Presenters are underlined and discussants are italicized. If serving in both roles, they are both underlined and italicized. Findings: Fifty percent reported immediate fading of their intrusive symptoms and general alleviation of their distress, 27% described partial alleviation of their symptoms, while 23% reported no improvement. Four week and six month follow-up, in the terror victims group only, showed that the immediate responders remained symptom free, while half of the non-responders, who also received subsequent additional interventions modalities, were still symptomatic. Conclusions: The difference in response may be attributed, in part, to the fact that immediate responders tended to have an uncomplicated ASS with fewer risk factors for PTSD, while the non-responders had higher exposure to former traumas and endorsed more risk factors for PTSD. These results support other anecdotal reports on the rapid effects of brief EMDR intervention in uncomplicated cases and offer a psycho-physiological hypothesis for immediate response. While additional controlled studies are essential, this immediate symptomatic relief may be a potential addition for focused interventions in acute trauma victims.</text>
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              <text>Wolfgang Lempa&lt;br /&gt;Martin Sack&lt;br /&gt;Friedhelm Lamprecht</text>
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          <name>Year</name>
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              <text>http://www.trauma2005.de/</text>
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              <text>Acute Stress Disorder, ASD, Symposium</text>
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          <description>emdr_accuracy</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="348104">
              <text>Yes</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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            <elementText elementTextId="348107">
              <text>&lt;a&gt;Lempa, W., Sack, M., &amp;amp; Lamprecht, F. (2005, September). [EMDR for acute PTSD]. Symposium presented at the German Society for Psychotraumatology DeGPT, Dresden, Germany&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>EMDR bei akuter PTSD &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;EMDR for acute PTSD</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="348096">
                <text>Symposium presented at the German Society for Psychotraumatology DeGPT, Dresden, Germany</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="348101">
                <text>German</text>
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          <element elementId="42">
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              <elementText elementTextId="348106">
                <text>Anhand von klinischen und empirischen Daten wird die Anwendung von EMDR bei akuten Traumatisierungen aufgezeigt. Auf die Besonderheiten der Akutbehandlugn wird eingegangen und der therapeutische Prozess, auch anhand der Fragebogenwerte (IES, PTSS-10, SUD) veranschaulicht. Überlegungen zur Indikation, Durchführung und Kontraindikation für EMDR bei akuter PTSD werden vorgestellt. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the basis of clinical and empirical data, the use of EMDR is shown in acute trauma. The special features of Akutbehandlugn is discussed and the therapeutic process, including reference to the questionnaire values (IES, PTSS-10, SUD) illustrates. Review of indications, and contraindications for implementing EMDR with acute PTSD are presented.</text>
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              <text>04896</text>
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              <text>Siracusano, A., &amp;amp; Niolu, C. (2006, September-December). [&lt;a href="http://www.e-noos.it/rivista/3_06/pdf/4.pdf"&gt;Drug treatment of - post-traumatic stress disorde&lt;/a&gt;r]. Noos, 12(3), 243-276. Italian</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://www.e-noos.it/rivista/3_06/pdf/4.pdf"&gt;http://www.e-noos.it/rivista/3_06/pdf/4.pdf&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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                <text>Trattamento farmacologico del - Disturbo post-traumatico da stress &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Drug treatment of - post-traumatic stress disorder</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="346795">
                <text>Noos, 12(3), 243-276</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="346799">
                <text>Italian</text>
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                <text>Complesso caratteristiche sintomatologiche del disturbo. Qui troviamo, mescolati tra loro, i sintomi di ansia, panico, depressione, dissociazione, evasione, deterioramento della memoria. La Società per traumatica Stress Studies (ISTSS) le linee guida suggeriscono alcuni passi: da un debriefing psicologico top e la terapia cognitivo-comportamentale (CBT), seguita dal trattamento farmacologico e di alcuni altri approcci: tecniche psico-sociale e riabilitativo, il movimento degli occhi desensibilizzazione e rielaborazione (EMDR), ipnosi, psicoterapia di coppia e di gruppo, psychothery psicoanalitico. Nel ultimi anni, molti dati dalla ricerca fornire consulenza per l'avvio forte CBT e farmacologiche trattamento subito dopo il trauma (entro 72 ore) solo per gestire dissociazione peritraumatico, ad alto rischio fattore per lo sviluppo di PTSD. Inoltre, quando si avvicina al trattamento del PTSD, è importante prendere in considerazione altre comorbidità con asse I e II e con disturbi abuso di sostanze.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Complex symptomatological features of the disorder. Here we find, mixed up together, symptoms of anxiety, panic, depression, dissociation, avoidance, memory impairment. The Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) guidelines suggest some steps: on the top psychological debriefing and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), followed by pharmacological treatment and some other approaches: psychosocial and rehabilitative tecniques, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), hypnosis, couple and group psychotherapies, psychoanalitic psychothery. In the last years, many data from the research give strong advice for starting CBT and pharmacological treatment soon after trauma (within 72 hours) just to manage peritraumatic dissociation, high risk factor for the development of PTSD. Moreover, when approaching to the treatment of PTSD, it’s important to consider comorbidity with other axis I and II disorders and with substance abuse.</text>
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              <text>Masaya Ichii</text>
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              <text>Ichii, M. (1996). [Acute stress disorder victims of the Great Hanshin Earthquake of eye movement desensitization procedure (EMDR) apply]. Burifusaikoserapi Papers, (5), 53-70. Japanese</text>
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                <text>眼球運動脱感作手順の阪神淡路大震災の急性ストレス障害の犠牲者は（EMDR）を適用 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Acute stress disorder victims of the Great Hanshin Earthquake of eye movement desensitization procedure (EMDR) apply</text>
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                <text>Burifusaikoserapi Papers, (5), 53-70</text>
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                <text>本研究では、阪神・淡路大震災の被災者で急性ストレス障害（ASD）と診断されたケースに対して、眼球運動による脱感作と再処理（EMDR）を適用した治療報告がなされている。市井氏は、災害直後にEMDRを用いた治療の過程とその効果について詳述しており、恐怖感、過覚醒、侵入的記憶などのトラウマ関連症状が心理的負担を最小限に抑えながら軽減される可能性を示している。本稿では、災害時のメンタルヘルス支援におけるEMDRの早期介入手法としての有用性が強調されている。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This study reports on the use of EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) with survivors of the Great Hanshin Earthquake who were diagnosed with acute stress disorder (ASD). Ichii describes the therapeutic process and outcomes of applying EMDR shortly after the disaster. The findings suggest that EMDR can reduce trauma-related symptoms such as fear, hyperarousal, and intrusive memories with minimal psychological burden. The paper emphasizes EMDR’s potential as an early intervention tool in disaster mental health care.</text>
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              <text>04023</text>
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              <text>Ilan Kutz&lt;br /&gt;Victor Resnik&lt;br /&gt;Rachel Dekel</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.190"&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.190&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>http://www.springerpub.com/journal.aspx?jid=1933-3196</text>
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              <text>Kutz, I., Resnik, V., &amp;amp; Dekel, R. (2008). &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.190"&gt;The effect of single-session modified EMDR on acute stress syndromes.&lt;/a&gt; Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(3), 190-200. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.190</text>
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                <text>The effect of single-session modified EMDR on acute stress syndromes</text>
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                <text>A single session of a modified, abridged EMDR protocol was provided in a general hospital inpatient and outpatient setting to 86 patients with acute stress (AS) syndrome suffering from intrusion distress following accidents and terrorist bombing attacks. Fifty percent reported immediate fading of intrusive symptoms and general alleviation of distress, 27% described partial alleviation of their symptoms and distress, while 23% reported no improvement. Partial and nonresponders were provided with or referred for more comprehensive treatment. At 4-week and 6-month follow-up, the immediate responders in the terror victims group remained symptom free. The immediate responders tended to have uncomplicated AS symptoms with fewer risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), while the nonresponders had higher exposure to former traumas and endorsed more risk factors for PTSD. These results support other anecdotal reports on the rapid effects of brief EMDR intervention on intrusive symptoms in early uncomplicated posttraumatic cases. Although more controlled studies are essential, this immediate method for symptomatic relief may be a potential addition for focused interventions in acute trauma victims.</text>
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              <text>03725</text>
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              <text>2007</text>
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              <text>http://www.emdr-europe.org/</text>
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              <text>Acute Stress Syndrome, Early Intervention, War</text>
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          <description>emdr_accuracy</description>
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              <text>Kutz, I. (2007, June). The use of short-term EMDR for symptomic relief of acute stress syndrome in victims of the 2006 Israeli-Lebanese hostilities. Presentation at the 8th EMDR Europe Association Conference, Paris, France</text>
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                <text>During the 2006 hostilities between Israel and the Hezbollah militia, many northern Israeli towns were under the continuous threat of rocket bombardment for several weeks. Thirty people who arrived at the general hospital with Acute Stress Reaction (ASR) and were found later to suffer from Acute Stress Syndrome (ASS) were treated by a group of senior EMDR clinicians with a two-session modified EMDR intervention. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The raw results indicate that about 50% of ASS outpatients treated with a brief modified EMDR protocol responded to a single session EMDR with an initial very significant (SUDs dropping or points or more) or a significant alleviation, of their, mostly intrusive, symptoms. The other half of the ASS population showed partial response or no response. We also report the results of a 7 month follow-up of these patients. The advantages and limitations of using the modified brief EMDR protocol in ASS victims are discussed. The response of prolonged war-stress to EMDR is compared to the reason of victim of a single trauma like terrorist attacks and road accidents.</text>
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              <text>Shawn P. Cahill&lt;br /&gt;Kristin Pontoski&lt;br /&gt;Carla M. D'Olio</text>
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                <text>Posttraumatic stress disorder is a common and often chronic and disabling anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to highly stressful events characterized by actual or threatened harm to the self or others. This is the second of two invited articles summarizing the nature and treatment of PTSD and the associated condition of acute stress disorder (ASD). The present article reviews evidence for the efficacy of psychological and pharmacological treatments for PTSD and ASD. In summary, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been found efficacious in the treatment of chronic PTSD as well as the treatment of ASD/prevention of PTSD. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, sertraline, paroxetine, and fluoxetine, have been found efficacious in the treatment of chronic PTSD, with sertraline and paroxetine receiving the FDA indication for this condition. There is less evidence for efficacious medications in the treatment of ASD/prevention of PTSD. At present, hydrocortisone and propranolol show the greatest promise. Limitations of these treatments, including dropout and a significant number of patients showing no or only partial response, are discussed as well as issues related to selecting among efficacious treatments.</text>
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                <text>眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法(EMDR)の急性ストレス障害(ASD)を示した阪神淡路大震災被災者への適用 : ストレス障害に対するストレスの少ない治療法 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to ASD survivors of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: Treatment with less stress for stress disorder</text>
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                <text>市井 雅哉 眼球運動による脱感作と再処理法(EMDR)の急性ストレス障害(ASD)を示した阪神淡路大震災被災者への適用: ストレス障害に対するストレスの少ない治療法 バイオフィードバック研究 日本バイオフィードバック学会 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;阪神・淡路大震災の被災者で急性ストレス障害を呈した2名の女性に対して震災1ケ月後にEMDRを適用した.いずれも1セッションで地震への恐怖感は消失した.EMDRをPTSDやASDといったストレス障害の治療に用いることの有効性が示された.治療技法としてのEMDRの特徴として、即効性,クライエント・治療者双方に対してのストレスの少なさを指摘し,作用機序についてこれまで提唱されている仮説について紹介した.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Author applied EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) to two women survivors, who suffered from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and were diagnosed with ASD one month following the earthquake. Within a session, their fears of the quake were diminished. The results showed that EMDR is effective for stress disorders like ASD or PTSD. A 25-year-old single woman initially complained of trauma-related imagery (e.g., fire) with an initial SUD level of eight. After four sets of eye movement (EM), the level of distress decreased to zero. After the seventh set of EMs, her rating of cognition as "it was over" went up to "completely true." Five months later, these therapeutic changes were maintained without any relapse of symptoms. A married 28-year-old woman re-experienced earthquake-related symptoms with a strong sense of fear during a therapy session of EMDR. The fear quickly decreased to a level of zero on SUD after the eleventh set of EMs. At the same time, she reported that she could believe a desirable cognition or that "everything is all right" without any doubt. The author pointed out that the therapeutic characteristics of EMDR are rapid effectiveness and less stress for both clients and therapists. Also, some hypotheses of the working mechanisms of EMDR were introduced.</text>
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              <text>David Forbes&lt;br /&gt;Mark Creamer&lt;br /&gt;Andrea Phelps&lt;br /&gt;Richard Bryant&lt;br /&gt;Alexander McFarlane&lt;br /&gt;Grant J. Devilly&lt;br /&gt;Lynda Matthews&lt;br /&gt;Beverly Raphael&lt;br /&gt;Chris Doran&lt;br /&gt;Tracy Merlin&lt;br /&gt;Skye Newton</text>
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                <text>Over the past 2-3 years, clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (ASD) have been developed in the USA and UK. There remained a need, however, for the development of Australian CPGs for the treatment of ASD and PTSD tailored to the national health-care context. Therefore, the Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health in collaboration with national trauma experts, has recently developed Australian CPGs for adults with ASD and PTSD, which have been endorsed by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). In consultation with a multidisciplinary reference panel (MDP), research questions were determined and a systematic review of the evidence was then conducted to answer these questions (consistent with NHMRC procedures). On the basis of the evidence reviewed and in consultation with the MDP, a series of practice recommendations were developed. The practice recommendations that have been developed address a broad range of clinical questions. Key recommendations indicate the use of trauma-focused psychological therapy (cognitive behavioural therapy or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in addition to in vivo exposure) as the most effective treatment for ASD and PTSD. Where medication is required for the treatment of PTSD in adults, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor antidepressants should be the first choice. Medication should not be used in preference to trauma-focused psychological therapy. In the immediate aftermath of trauma, practitioners should adopt a position of watchful waiting and provide psychological first aid. Structured interventions such as psychological debriefing, with a focus on recounting the traumatic event and ventilation of feelings, should not be offered on a routine basis.</text>
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              <text>&lt;span&gt;Günter H. Seidler&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Frank E. Wagner&lt;br /&gt;Doris C. Feurer&lt;br /&gt;Ralph Micka&lt;br /&gt;Anke Kirsch&lt;br /&gt;Arne Hofmann</text>
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                <text>眼球運動脱感作の適用（EMD）を阪神淡路大震災に苦しんで急性ストレス障害の被害者に &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Application of eye movement desensitization (EMD) to the acute stress disorder victims suffered from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake</text>
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                <text>市井雅哉・熊野宏昭（1996）は、阪神・淡路大震災の被災者に対して、眼球運動脱感作法（EMD）を用いた心理的介入を行った症例報告を提示しています。対象は震災後1か月で急性ストレス障害（ASD）と診断された女性2名で、EMDセッションを通じて地震に対する強い恐怖感が著しく軽減されたことが確認されました。本研究は、災害直後の心理的支援におけるEMDの有効性と、短期的介入としての可能性を示唆するものです。&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Masaya Ichii and Hiroaki Kumano (1996) applied Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD)—an early form of EMDR—to two female survivors of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake who were diagnosed with acute stress disorder (ASD) one month after the disaster. Within a single session, both individuals experienced a marked reduction in earthquake-related fear. This study highlights the potential of EMD as an effective short-term psychological intervention in the immediate aftermath of large-scale trauma.</text>
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              <text>Seidler, G. H., Feurer, D. C., Wagner, F. E., &amp;amp; Micka, R. (2003).  &lt;a href="http://www.asanger.de/zeitschriftzppm/heftarchiv/2003/heft32003.php#501292975f120c804"&gt;[On the question of EMDR in the treatment of brain-injury patients].&lt;/a&gt; Zeitschrift für Psychotraumatologie und Psychologische Medizin, 1(3), 35-45. German</text>
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                <text>Behandlung psychotraumatischer belastungsstörungen mit EMDR&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Literaturbefunde und eigene klinische Erfahrungen zeigen, dass bei einer großen Anzahl von Schädel- Hirn-Traumatisierten die komorbide Diagnose einer ASD oder einer PTSD vergeben werden muss. Die Entstehung von Intrusionen kann unterschiedlich plausibilisiert werden. Die Autoren schlagen als Erweiterung bestehender Ansätze dazu die Möglichkeit "phantasmatischer Intrusionen" vor, als Ausdruck bildhafter Ausgestaltungen der erlebten Todesgefahr. Kasuistisch wird die erfolgreiche Anwendung von EMDR gezeigt. Es werden bestimmte Modifikationen vorgeschlagen, mit denen ein möglicherweise für diese Gruppe von Patientinnen und Patienten charakteristischer Assoziationsprozess in Gang kommen kann. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Literary findings as well as our own clinical experiences show that a large number of patients with head injuries had to be additionally diagnosed with either ASD or PTSD. The formation of intrusions can be interpreted differently. The authors propose possible "phantasmatic intrusions" as an enhancement of current approaches for the pictorial forms of the experienced life-threatening danger. A case report shows the successful use of EMDR. Certain modifications are proposed in which the characteristic association process for this group of patients can be launched.</text>
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                <text>General practitioners have an important role to play in helping patients after exposure to severe psychological trauma. In the immediate aftermath of trauma, GPs should offer "psychological first aid," which includes monitoring of the patient's mental state, providing general emotional support and information, and encouraging the active use of social support networks, and self-care strategies. Drug treatments should be avoided as a preventive intervention after traumatic exposure; they may be used cautiously in cases of extreme distress that persists. Adults with acute stress disorder (ASD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) should be provided with trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in addition to in-vivo exposure (confronting avoided situations, people or places in a graded and systematic manner) may also be provided for PTSD. Drug treatments should not normally replace trauma-focused psychological therapy as a first-line treatment for adults with PTSD. If medication is considered for treating PTSD in adults, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants are the first choice. Other new generation antidepressants and older tricyclic antidepressants should be considered as second-line pharmacological options. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors may be considered by mental health specialists for use in people with treatment-resistant symptoms.</text>
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