1 50 4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource EMDR Collection Journal Author(s) dc_creator Inette Swarts Document # emdr_doc_ID 01583 Link to Document (e.g. DOI, PDF) emdr_title_link <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9060%20">http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9060%20</a> Archived emdr_archived Yes Original Work Citation spec_citation Swarts, I. (2013, July). South African music learners and psychological trauma: Educational solutions to a societal dilemma. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 9(1), 113-138 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource South African music learners and psychological trauma: Educational solutions to a societal dilemma Description An account of the resource Emotional trauma affects a large proportion of the South African population. This article addresses its influence on music learners, including its effects on brain development, relational development, learning and music-making. The power of the educator to reshape a child’s brain by providing a nurturing and consistent environment is stressed. The effect of the environment in modulating epigenetic expression is discussed in conjunction with object relations theory as a model for human relations. Brain-damaging consequences of early attachment trauma can be reversed by healing these patterns through the educational system. Music teachers’ observations of how trauma influenced their students’ music-making, emotional expression, memory and relational patterns, students’ observed recoveries from trauma, and the influence of teachers’ own experiences on their appraisal of students’ experiences are discussed. The article also examines the advice of healthcare professionals to teachers and the latter’s legal responsibilities in terms of the reporting of abuse. This is done with reference to responsibilities regarding witnessing and referring, and the possibility of empowering learners through unlearning helplessness and fear. Treatment strategies discussed include pharmacological intervention, psychotherapeutic intervention such as Cognitive- Behavioural Therapy, hypnosis, Eye Movement Integration Therapy and Somatic Experiencing. Music can serve as an object relationship representing human experience, expressing the movement of feelings, bypassing the cortical function and expressing what words cannot. It can aid in repairing damaged communication processes and restore the sense of bodily connectedness. Suggested future directions include the incorporation of teaching modules on educational psychology in music teachers’ training curricula, providing support for students, reducing the risk of secondary traumatisation to professionals, and transdisciplinary collaboration. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013, July Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Journal Language A language of the resource English Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 9(1), 113-138 Music Music Learner Musician South Africa Trauma Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource EMDR Collection Dissertation/Thesis Document # emdr_doc_ID 09863 Author(s) dc_creator Inette Swart Year emdr_year 2010 Subjects emdr_subject Musicians, Trauma Accuracy Verified? emdr_accuracy Yes Archived emdr_archived Yes Original Work Citation spec_citation Swart, I. (2010, April). The influence of trauma on musicians. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria). Retrieved from http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05222010-165329/ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The influence of trauma on musicians Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria). Retrieved from http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05222010-165329/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010, April Language A language of the resource English Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Dissertation/Thesis Description An account of the resource The aim of this study was to shed light on the influence of trauma on aspects of musicians’ music-making, particularly but not exclusively limited to its effects on emotional expression and memory during music performance and study. Effects on performers and teachers were considered, explicated and discussed in the light of the rapidly expanding body of knowledge about factors involved in psychological sequelae following exposure to traumatic event(s). Examples are given of how trauma has affected famous musicians and composers. Questionnaires sent to healthcare professionals and music teachers and four case study investigations illuminated specific signs of trauma. Findings underlined that, while responses to trauma are always of a very individual nature, these often particularly affected emotional expression and altered the perceived experience of emotions. Dissociative symptoms were found to affect memory and concentration. Trauma sequelae caused interference, drained energy levels, affected motivation, interpersonal relationships and self-esteem but also led to growth and trauma-catalyzed transformation. Anxiety and tension-related problems had pronounced effects on music performance and high levels of ‘stage fright’ were reported by previously traumatized participants. Trauma was shown to influence the career paths and decisions of musicians. As gleaned from the literature and research surveys, the following therapeutic approaches appear to be effective: Psychotherapy, trauma counselling, Cognitive-Behavioural therapy, hypnotherapy, EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing), EMI (Eye Movement Integration), pharmacological treatment, natural supplements, body therapies such as SE (Somatic Experiencing) and complementary techniques such as acupressure. Sound and music were identified by respondents and participants as playing an extremely beneficial role in the healing process. The possible benefits of incorporating alternative healing modalities are discussed, but it is made clear that this should only be used in conjunction with scientifically proven and thoroughly researched psychotherapeutic intervention strategies. This study’s results, appropriately disseminated, are intended to increase awareness and knowledge in performers and teachers, and enable particularly teachers to refer students to appropriate healthcare services in ways not risking further traumatization. Findings can assist healthcare professionals to better understand particular manifestations of trauma responses in musicians and enable them to intervene in more effective ways. © 2009 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Due to sensitive information, pp152-164 are withheld on request of the author. Musician Trauma Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource EMDR Collection Dissertation/Thesis Document # emdr_doc_ID 03421 Author(s) dc_creator Charles Duane Plummer Year emdr_year 2007 Link to Source (e.g. Association, Publisher) emdr_source_link www.uc.edu/ Subjects emdr_subject Auditory Stimulation, Brass Musicians, Empirical Study, Hemispheres, Musicians, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Quantitative Study, Syndromes Accuracy Verified? emdr_accuracy Yes Archived emdr_archived Yes Original Work Citation spec_citation Plummer, C. D. (2007). <a href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:ucin1178855934">Performance enhancement for brass musicians using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing</a>. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati). Retrieved from <a href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:ucin1178855934">https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:ucin1178855934</a> Link to Document (e.g. DOI, PDF) emdr_title_link <a href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:ucin1178855934">https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:ucin1178855934</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Performance enhancement for brass musicians using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati). Retrieved from <a href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:ucin1178855934">https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:ucin1178855934</a> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Language A language of the resource English Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Dissertation/Thesis Description An account of the resource Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an innovative therapy that is currently used to treat anxiety disorders. Discovered by Francine Shapiro in 1987, the treatment was originally utilized on individuals suffering from Post Traumatic Syndrome Disorder; however, the original treatment protocol has evolved to include other forms of trauma such as performance anxiety. The main hypothesis of EMDR states that traumatic memories cause the nervous system to become dysfunctional and unbalanced. As a result, stimuli such as sound and images from these events are looped continuously within the nervous system until the body can functionally process the events toward an adaptive solution. Until a solution is established, the original thoughts and feelings encountered during previous disturbing events resurface each time a resembling experience occurs. EMDR serves as a performance enhancement for brass musicians by desensitizing and reprocessing maladaptive memories through bilateral stimulation of both hemispheres of the brain. Auditory Stimulation Brass Muscian Empirical Study Hemisphere Musician Performance Anxiety Performance Enhancement Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Quantitative Study Syndrome Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource EMDR Collection Dissertation/Thesis Document # emdr_doc_ID 00163 Author(s) dc_creator Raymond Scott Feener Year emdr_year 2005 Link to Source (e.g. Association, Publisher) emdr_source_link www.fsu.edu/ Subjects emdr_subject Bilateral Brain Stimulation, Brain Stimulation, Cognitive Processes, Emotional Trauma, Eye Movements, Information Processing System, Mental Health, Musicians, Performance Anxiety, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Singers, Stress, Syndromes, Trauma Accuracy Verified? emdr_accuracy Yes Archived emdr_archived Yes Original Work Citation spec_citation Feener, R. S. (2005). <a href="http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1451&context=etd&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Demdr%2520dissertations%26qs%3Dn%26form%3DQBRE%26pq%3Demdr%2520dissertations%26sc%3D0-15%26sp%3D-1%26sk%3D%26cvid%3D461a577507e943edbac7f0c9d4a20139#search=%22emdr%20dissertations%22">Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A new method in the treatment of performance anxiety for singers</a>. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 65(12-B), 6648 Link to Document (e.g. DOI, PDF) emdr_title_link <a href="http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1451&context=etd&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Demdr%2520dissertations%26qs%3Dn%26form%3DQBRE%26pq%3Demdr%2520dissertations%26sc%3D0-15%26sp%3D-1%26sk%3D%26cvid%3D461a577507e943edbac7f0c9d4a20139#search=%22emdr%20dissertations%22">http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1451&context=etd&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Demdr%2520dissertations%26qs%3Dn%26form%3DQBRE%26pq%3Demdr%2520dissertations%26sc%3D0-15%26sp%3D-1%26sk%3D%26cvid%3D461a577507e943edbac7f0c9d4a20139#search=%22emdr%20dissertations%22</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: A new method in the treatment of performance anxiety for singers Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 65(12-B), 6648 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Language A language of the resource English Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Dissertation/Thesis Description An account of the resource The purpose of this thesis is to provide information and exposure for EMDR therapy as it relates to performance anxiety in singers and other musicians. Since EMDR therapy is a relatively new approach to relieving issues of anxiety, this thesis provides a description of its discovery, background, development, and proper procedures and protocols. In 1987 Francine Shapiro discovered and began to develop a new method in the treatment of trauma using guided eye movements. These guided eye movements were theorized to create bilateral brain stimulation, which through the simultaneous component of recalling ones trauma both physically and emotionally, an individuals trauma can be processed toward a state of mental health. This is similar to what is theorized to happen during REM sleep. Francine Shapiro states that every human being possesses an innate information processing system that guides each individual toward a balanced state of mental health, similar to the way our bodies heal physically. Once an individual experiences a trauma, the events become locked into the nervous system into its own separate neuro-network, unable to be accessed by the individual for positive processing. Our ability to process the traumatic experience is hindered and the trauma relives itself through nightmares, flashbacks, disturbing or intrusive thoughts, anxiety, or any number of life hindering events. The theory of EMDR is that through guided eye movements, or other sources of bilateral brain stimulation such as hand taps, alternating lights or sounds, or hand buzzers, the traumatic information held in its separate neuro-network is able to bridge itself to more positive information stored in the individuals memory. EMDR not only helps to desensitize our traumatic memories but also helps to reprocess our thoughts and feelings regarding the trauma with positive statements and beliefs such as I am in control and I deserve this. One of the most impressive aspects of the therapy is the rate in which patients improve. The success rate of EMDR is between 84 and 90 percent effective in one to three sessions or less, depending on the severity of the trauma. EMDR began treating patients suffering primarily from PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome) but has expanded over the years to include a wide range of pathologies, traumas, and anxiety disorders. Francine Shapiro is continuously striving to enhance the protocols and procedures of EMDR in order to better understand and improve its effectiveness. I discovered EMDR only a ew years ago and realized that it was being used by therapists across the country in the treatment of performance anxiety, but very little had been written on this topic. Therefore, my goal is to expose both singers and instrumentalists to this new method as a new option in the treatment of performance anxiety. Bilateral Brain Stimulation Brain Stimulation Cognitive Processes Emotional Trauma Eye Movements Mental Health Musician Performance Anxiety Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Singers Stress Syndrome Trauma