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              <text>Julie Rendum Klaeth&lt;br /&gt;Andreas Gjerde Jensen&lt;br /&gt;Trude Julie Brynhildsvoll Auren&lt;br /&gt;Stian Solem</text>
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              <text>Klaeth, J. R., Jensen, A. G., Auren, T. J. B., &amp;amp; Solem, S. (2024). &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05656-9"&gt;12-month follow-up of intensive outpatient treatment for PTSD combining prolonged exposure therapy, EMDR and physical activity.&lt;/a&gt; BMC Psychiatry, 24, 255. doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05656-9</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Preliminary evidence shows promising treatment outcomes at short-term follow-up for intensive posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment, but long-term follow-up studies are sparse. This study is a sequel to a previous pilot study and open trial, set out to investigate treatment outcomes at 12-month follow-up for outpatients completing an 8-day intensive treatment for PTSD. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;All patients were diagnosed with PTSD and had multiple previous psychotherapy attempts (M = 3.1). Patients were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, 3- and 12-month follow-up. Of 35 treated patients, 32 (91.4%) attended the long-term follow-up assessment. The treatment programme combined prolonged exposure therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and physical activity. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;The effect sizes indicated large reductions in symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, interpersonal problems, and well-being. Changes in functioning showed a small-medium effect. Results were stable across the follow-up period. The treatment response rates showed that 46–60% of patients achieved recovery with respect to PTSD symptoms, and that 44–48% no longer met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Time-limited and concentrated outpatient treatment for PTSD can yield large and enduring positive outcomes. Controlled trials are needed to establish relative efficacy.</text>
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              <text>Feenstra, S. E. (2021). &lt;a href="https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/405559"&gt;The effectiveness of an online-delivered intensive treatment programme for PTSD, combining PE, EMDR therapy, physical activity and psycho-education.&lt;/a&gt; (Masters thesis, Utrecht University)</text>
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                <text>During the global outbreak of COVID-19, psychiatric patients reported increased symptoms and poorer access to services and support. Psychical measures aimed at reducing contagion, forced clinicians to look for distant-delivered PTSD treatments. So far, few studies have conducted head-to-head comparison between of traditional in-person treatments and telehealth-delivered treatments. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an online intensive trauma-focused treatment programme over 6 days for individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition, this non-randomized study evaluated the effectiveness of the treatment online-delivered in comparison to face-to-face delivered. Effects were monitored up to 6-month after treatment. Treatment was provided for a total of 159 patients (145 face-to-face treatment; 14 online treatment) and consisted of daily sessions of prolonged exposure (PE) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (12 sessions in total), physical activity and psycho-education. PTSD symptom severity was assessed by both clinician-rated (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale CAPS) and self-report (PTSD Checklist PCL-5; Visual Analog Scales VAS). Depression and psychopathology symptoms were assessed by self-report (Brief Symptom Inventory BSI; Beck Depression Inventory BDI-II). From screening to 4-week and 6-month follow up, patients showed significant improvements in PTSD symptoms. From pre-treatment to 1-week, 4-week and 6 month-follow up, patients showed significant improvements in depression- and psychopathology symptoms. More than half of the patients lost their PTSD diagnoses. In comparison to the face-to-face treatment group, patients in the online treatment group showed equal effect. These results indicate that an online-delivered intensive treatment program combining PE, EMDR combining PE, EMDR, physical activity and psycho-education is a potentially effective treatment for patients suffering from PTSD.</text>
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              <text>Auren, T. J. B., Jensen, A. G., Klæth, J. R., Maksic, E., &amp;amp; Solem, S. (2022). &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1917878"&gt;Intensive outpatient treatment for PTSD: A pilot feasibility study combining prolonged exposure therapy, EMDR, physical activity, and psychoeducation.&lt;/a&gt;  European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12:1, 1917878. doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1917878</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Intensive treatment could be effective for patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective: The aim of the study was to test the feasibility of an 8-day (2-week) intensive outpatient treatment for PTSD. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Treatment each day consisted of individual Prolonged Exposure (PE), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), and psychoeducation and physical activity in groups. Patients met different therapists from session to session. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Six patients started and completed treatment. Levels of attendance of sessions was high. Patients reported that they were satisfied with the treatment, describing it as emotionally taxing, but meaningful. Therapists also described several positive aspects of the treatment format. There were large reductions in PTSD symptoms. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Given these promising, but preliminary findings on the programme’s feasibility, future research should investigate this treatment format using larger samples and controlled designs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Antecedentes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El tratamiento intensivo podría ser eficaz para los pacientes con trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objetivo&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El objetivo del estudio fue comprobar la viabilidad de un tratamiento intensivo de 8 días (2 semanas) en régimen ambulatorio para el TEPT.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Método&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El tratamiento diario consistió en forma individual la exposición prolongada (EP), desensibilización y reprocesamiento por movimientos oculares (EMDR), y en grupo la psicoeducación y actividad física. Los pacientes se reunían con diferentes terapeutas de una sesión a otra.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Resultados&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seis pacientes iniciaron y completaron el tratamiento. El nivel de asistencia a las sesiones fue alto. Los pacientes informaron que estaban satisfechos con el tratamiento, describiéndolo como emocionalmente agotador, pero significativo. Los terapeutas también describieron varios aspectos positivos del formato del tratamiento. Hubo grandes reducciones en los síntomas del TEPT.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusiones&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados prometedores, pero preliminares, sobre la viabilidad del programa, la investigación futura debería investigar este formato de tratamiento utilizando muestras más grandes y diseños controlados.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;背景&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;强化治疗可能对创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD) 患者有效° &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;目的&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;本研究旨在考查为期8天 (2周) 的PTSD强化门诊治疗的可行性°&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;方法&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;每天的治疗包括个体的延长暴露 (PE), 眼动脱敏和再加工 (EMDR) 以及心理教育和体育 锻炼° 患者在每次治疗时会遇到不同的治疗师° 结果: 6例患者开始并完成了治疗° 治疗参与率很高° 患者报告说他们对治疗很满意, 称其在情&lt;br /&gt;感上很费力, 但很有意义° 治疗师还描述了治疗形式的几个积极方面° PTSD症状明显减轻° &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;结论&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;鉴于此治疗计划的这些有希望但初步的发现, 未来研究应使用更大样本和对照设计来 研究这种治疗方式°</text>
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              <text>van Pelt, Y., Fokkema, P., de Roos, C., &amp;amp; de Jongh, A.(2021). &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1917876"&gt;Effectiveness of an intensive treatment programme combining prolonged exposure and EMDR therapy for adolescents suffering from severe post-traumatic stress disorder.&lt;/a&gt; European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1917876. doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1917876</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Following promising effects of an intensive trauma treatment for adults, the question arises whether adolescents who suffer from severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can also profit from a similar treatment programme. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of an intensive trauma-focused treatment programme combining two evidence-based trauma-focused therapies and physical activities for adolescents suffering from severe PTSD. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Treatment consisted of daily sessions of prolonged exposure (PE) therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy supplemented with physical activity (13 days on average). All patients (N = 27; 96.3% women, mean age = 16.1 years; SD = 1.3) had been exposed to one or more (interpersonal) traumatic events. Twenty-two of them (81.5%) also fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of a comorbid psychiatric disorder (mean number of comorbid disorders = 2.22). The majority of patients were referred because previous treatment was difficult or complications were expected to occur. Severity of PTSD symptoms and presence of a PTSD diagnostic status were assessed using the Dutch version of the CAPSCA IV at baseline, post-treatment and at 3-month follow-up. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CAPS-CA IV scores decreased significantly from pre- to post-treatment (Cohen’s d = 1.39). Of all patients 81.5% (n = 22) showed a clinically meaningful response, of whom 63% (n = 17) no longer fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of PTSD at post-treatment as established with the CAPS-CA IV. The results were maintained at 3-month follow-up. During treatment, neither adverse events nor dropout occurred. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The results suggest that an intensive trauma-focused treatment programme combining prolonged exposure, EMDR therapy, and physical activity can be an effective and safe treatment for adolescents suffering from severe PTSD and multiple comorbid psychiatric disorders.</text>
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                <text>European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1917876. doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1917876</text>
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              <text>Stanbury, T. M. M., Drummond, P. D., Laugharne, J., Kullack, C., &amp;amp; Lee, C. W. (2020). &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.14.1.2"&gt;Comparative efficiency of EMDR and prolonged exposure in treating posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized trial.&lt;/a&gt; Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 14(1), 1-12. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.14.1.2</text>
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                <text>The comparative treatment efficiency of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy and prolonged exposure (PE) therapy for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was tested for 20 participants diagnosed with PTSD. Efficiency was operationalized as the total exposure time to traumatic memories during and between sessions; the number of trauma memories processed over the course of therapy; how many sessions were required to resolve the primary trauma; and lower subjective units of disturbance (SUD) levels after the initial treatment session. Participants were randomized to each condition and received 12 90-minute sessions of therapy over 6 weeks. Symptoms were assessed by treatment-blind assessors at posttreatment, and at 3 and 6 months follow-up. Results demonstrated a significant decrease in symptoms posttreatment for PTSD (d = .64), depression (d = .46), anxiety (d = .52) and stress (d = .57) for both groups, which was maintained at 3 months. At 6 months there was a small increase in symptoms compared to the 3-month time point on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) but no significant change in any self-report symptoms EMDR was significantly more efficient than PE. EMDR participants had less total exposure time to traumatic memories when homework hours were included (d = .66), reported lower SUD scores after the first session (d = .45), required fewer sessions for the target memory to decrease to near zero distress levels (d = .84), and processed more traumatic memories.</text>
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              <text>van Woudenberg, C., Voorendonk, E. M., Bongaerts, H.,  Zoet, H. A.,  Verhagen, M., Lee, C. W., A., Minnen, A. V.,  &amp;amp; de Jongh, A. (2018). &lt;a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1487225"&gt;Effectiveness of an intensive treatmentprogramme combining prolonged exposure and eye movement desensitization and reprocessingfor severe post-traumatic stress disorder.&lt;/a&gt; European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1). 1487225,DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2018.1487225</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;There is room for improvement regarding the treatment of severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Intensifying treatment to increase patient retention is a promising development. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an intensive trauma-focused treatment programme over 8 days for individuals suffering from severe PTSD. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Method:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Treatment was provided for 347 PTSD patients (70% women; mean age = 38.32 years, SD = 11.69) and consisted of daily sessions of prolonged exposure and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy (16 sessions in total), physical activity, and psycho-education. All participants had experienced multiple traumas, including sexual abuse (74.4%), and suffered from multiple comorbidities (e.g. 87.5% had a mood disorder). Suicidal ideation was frequent (73.9%). PTSD symptom severity was assessed by both clinician-rated [Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS)] and self-report [PTSD Symptom Scale Self Report (PSS-SR) and Impact of Event Scale (IES)] inventories. For a subsample (n = 109), follow-up data at 6 months were available. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;A significant decline in symptom severity was found (e.g. CAPS intention-to-treat sample Cohen’s d = 1.64). At post-treatment, 82.9% showed a clinically meaningful response and 54.9% a loss of diagnosis. Dropout was very low (2.3%). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Intensive trauma-focused treatment programmes including prolonged exposure, EMDR therapy, and physical activity can be effective for patients suffering from severe PTSD and are associated with low dropout rates.
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Antecedentes:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Hay un margen de mejora con respecto al tratamiento del trastorno de estrés postraumático severo (TEPT). Intensificar el tratamiento para aumentar la retención de paciente es un desarrollo prometedor.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objetivo:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Determinar la efectividad de un programa de tratamiento intensivo centrado en trauma durante 8 días para personas que presentan TEPT severo.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Método:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Se proporcionó tratamiento a 347 pacientes con TEPT (70,0% mujeres, edad media = 38,32 años, DE = 11,69) y consistió en sesiones diarias de exposición prolongada y terapia EMDR (16 sesiones en total), actividad física, y psico-educación. Todos los participantes habían experimentado múltiples traumas, incluido abuso sexual (74,4%), y padecían múltiples comorbilidades (por ejemplo, 87,5% trastorno anímico). La ideación suicida fue frecuente (73,9%). La gravedad de los síntomas de TEPT fue evaluada tanto por el clínico con inventarios calificados (CAPS) como por auto-reporte (PSS-SR y IES). Para una submuestra (N=109) se dispuso de datos de seguimiento a los seis meses.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Resultados:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Se encontró una disminución significativa en la gravedad de los síntomas (por ejemplo, en la muestra CAPS ITT d = 1,64 de Cohen). En el post tratamiento, el 82,9% mostró una respuesta clínicamente significativa y el 54,9% una pérdida del diagnóstico. El abandono fue muy bajo (2,3%).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusiones:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Los programas intensivos de tratamientos centrados en trauma, incluido la terapia de exposición prolongada, la terapia EMDR y la actividad física, pueden ser efectivos para los pacientes que sufren de trastorno de estrés postraumático severo y se asocian con bajas tasas de abandono.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;背景：&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;对重度创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的治疗还有待改进。有希望通过加强治疗来增加病 人保留率。 目标：确认强化创伤中心治疗方案对重度创伤后应激障碍患者在8天以内的有效性。&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;方法：&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;为347名PTSD患者（70.0％女性，平均年龄38.32岁，SD = 11.69）提供治疗，包括 每天进行的延长暴露和EMDR治疗（总共16次）、体力劳动和心理教育。所有参与者都经 历过多次创伤，包括性虐待（74.4％），并患有多种合并症 例如87.5％有情绪障碍）。 自杀意念频繁出现（73.9％）。同时使用临床医生评分（CAPS）和自我报告（PSS-SR和 IES）的工具评估PTSD症状的严重程度。六个月后搜集了一个子样本（N = 109）的追踪 数据。&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;结果：&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;症状的严重程度显著下降（例如，CAPS ITT-样本Cohen’s d = 1.64）。治疗后82.9％ 表现出有临床意义的反应，54.9％不再符合诊断标准。脱落率非常低（2.3％）。 结论：延长暴露、EMDR治疗和体力活动等强化创伤治疗计划对于患有重度创伤后应激障 碍的病人有效，并有较低的脱落率。&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>The efficacy of psychotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be regarded as empirically demonstrated. Overall, effect sizes appear to be higher for psychotherapy than for medication. Many well-controlled trials with a mixed variety of trauma survivors have demonstrated that trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) is effective in treating PTSD. Prolonged exposure therapy (PE) is currently seen as the treatment with the strongest evidence for its efficacy. Cognitive therapy (CT) and cognitive processing therapy (CPT), with their stronger emphasis on cognitive techniques, and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) seem equally effective. More recent developments include brief eclectic psychotherapy for PTSD (BEPP) and narrative exposure therapy (NET). Emerging evidence shows that TF-CBT can successfully be applied in PTSD patients suffering from severe comorbidities such as borderline personality disorder or substance abuse disorder (Schnyder &amp;amp; Cloitre, 2015). There is also a trend towards developing ‘‘mini-interventions,’’ that is, short modules tailored to approach specific problems. Moreover, evidence-based approaches should be complemented by interventions that aim at promoting human resilience to stress. Finally, given the globalization of our societies (Schnyder, 2013), culture-sensitive psychotherapists should try to understand the cultural components of a patient’s illness and help-seeking behaviors, as well as their expectations with regard to treatment.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;مقایسه اثربخشی‌روش درمانی‌حساسیت زدایی‌از طریق حرکات چشم و پردازش مجدد با مواجهه درمانی‌طولانی‌مدت بر نشانه های‌تأثیر واقعه رزمندگان مبتلا به اختلال استرس پس از ضربه مزمن&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;Comparing the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy with prolonged exposure therapy on the trauma impact symptoms in veterans suffering from chronic PTSD&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>چکیده زمینه و هدف: اختلال استرس پس از ضربه به عنوان مجموعه علایمی ‌توصیف می‌شوند که پس از آن که شخص رویداد آسیب‌زایی‌ را مشاهده می‌کند، می‌شنود و یا درگیر آن می‌شود، به وجود می‌آیند. هدف این مطالعه مقایسه اثر بخشی‌حساسیت‌زدایی‌از طریق حرکات چشم و پردازش مجدد با مواجهه درمانی ‌طولانی ‌مدت بر نشانه‌های ‌تأثیر واقعه در رزمندگان مبتلا به اختلال استرس پس از ضربه مزمن بود. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه کارآزمایی‌بالینی ‌تعداد 48 نفر از رزمندگانی که در بیمارستان سلمان شهر یاسوج دارای ‌پرونده روانپزشکی ‌بوده و تشخیص اختلال استرس پس از ضربه دریافت کرده بودند، به شیوه تصادفی‌ انتخاب شده و به سه گروه مساوی‌ تقسیم شدند. در دو گروه به عنوان مداخله، روش‌های ‌درمانی ‌حساسیت‌زدایی‌ از طریق حرکات چشم و پردازش مجدد(5جلسه) و مواجهه درمانی ‌طولانی ‌مدت(10جلسه) اعمال شد و بر روی ‌گروه سوم(کنترل) هیچ‌گونه درمانی ‌اعمال نشد. پس از دوره درمان همان آزمون برای‌هر سه گروه اجرا شد. داده‌ها با آزمون آماری تحلیل کوواریانس تک متغیره و آزمون تعقیبی ‌بنفرونی‌تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: هر دو روش درمانی‌موجب کاهش معنی‌دار نشانه های ‌تأثیر واقعه شد(001/0 =p). هم‌چنین نتایج حاکی‌از این بود که مواجهه درمانی ‌طولانی ‌مدت در بهبود نشانه‌های ‌تأثیر واقعه مؤثرتر بود. نتیجه‌گیری: فنون مداخله‌ای‌از قبیل روش درمانی‌حساسیت‌زدایی ‌از طریق حرکات چشم و پردازش مجدد و مواجهه در‌مانی‌ طولانی‌ مدت در در‌مان اختلال استرس پس از ضربه کارایی‌ لازم را دارند، اما مواجهه در‌مانی‌طولانی ‌مدت برتری بیشتری‌ دارد. واژه های‌کلیدی: اختلال استرس پس از ضربه، حساسیت زدایی، حرکات چشم، پردازش مجدد، مواجهه درمانی‌طولانی‌مدت&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Background and Aim:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Post-traumatic stress disorder is considered as set of symptoms developed afterward an individual witness, hear or involved. The current research was purposed to compare the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy with prolonged exposure therapy on the trauma impact symptoms in veterans suffering from chronic PTSD. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this clinical trail research randomly sampled 48 veterans diagnosed with PTSD who had psychiatric records in Salman City Hospital of Yasuj. The subjects devoted in three equal groups: two experimental and one control groups. As intervention procedures the two experimental groups were exposed to eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (5 sessions) and prolonged exposure therapy (10 sessions) respectively. The control group received none. Subsequent to the treatment period the triple groups were post-tested by the prior pre test scales. The data were analyzed by implementing univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Both treatment procedures significantly reduced the trauma impact symptoms (p£0.001). The results also indicated that prolonged exposure therapy was more effective concerning the trauma impact symptoms improvement. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Intervention treatment procedures such as eye movement desensitization, reprocessing therapy, and prolonged exposure therapy sustain sufficient efficacy in trauma impact symptoms improvement while prolonged exposure therapy exceeded significantly.</text>
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                <text>Background: Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy is an efficacious treatment for PTSD; despite this, many clinicians do not utilize it due to concerns it could cause patient decompensation. &lt;br /&gt;Method: Data were pooled from four published well-controlled studies of female assault survivors with chronic PTSD (n = 361) who were randomly assigned to PE, waitlist (WL), or another psychotherapy, including cognitive processing therapy (CPT), Eye Movement and Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR), or the combination of PE plus stress inoculation training (SIT) or PE plus cognitive restructuring. PTSD and depression severity scores were converted to categorical outcomes to evaluate the proportion of participants who showed reliable symptom change (both reliable worsening and reliable improvement). &lt;br /&gt;Results: The majority of participants completing one of the active treatments showed reliable improvement on both PTSD and depression compared to WL. Among treatment participants in general, as well as those who received PE, reliable PTSD worsening was nonexistent and the rate of reliable worsening of depression was low. There were no differences on any outcome measures among treatments. By comparison, participants in WL had higher rates of reliable symptom worsening for both PTSD and depression. Potential alternative explanations were also evaluated. &lt;br /&gt;Conclusions: PE and a number of other empirically supported therapies are efficacious and safe treatments for PTSD, reducing the frequency of which symptom worsening occurs in the absence of treatment.</text>
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              <text>de Bont, P. A. J. M., van Minnen, A., &amp;amp; de Jongh, A. (2013, December). &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2013.07.002"&gt;Treating PTSD in patients with psychosis: A within-group controlled feasibility study examining the efficacy and safety of evidence-based PE and EMDR protocols.&lt;/a&gt; Behavior Therapy 44(4), 717-730. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.07.002</text>
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                <text>The present study uses a within-group controlled design to examine the efficacy and safety of two psychological approaches to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 10 patients with a concurrent psychotic disorder. Patients were randomly assigned either to prolonged exposure (PE; N = 5) or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR; N = 5). Before, during, and after treatment, a total of 20 weekly assessments of PTSD symptoms, hallucinations, and delusions were carried out. Twelve weekly assessments of adverse events took place during the treatment phase. PTSD diagnosis, level of social functioning, psychosis-prone thinking, and general psychopathologywere assessed pretreatment, posttreatment, and at three-month follow-up. Throughout the treatment, adverse events were monitored at each session. An intention-to-treat analysis of the 10 patients starting treatment showed that the PTSD treatment protocols of PE and EMDR significantly reduced PTSD symptom severity; PE and EMDR were equally effective and safe. Eight of the 10 patients completed the full intervention period. Seven of the 10 patients (70%) no longer met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD at follow-up. No serious adverse events occurred, nor did patients show any worsening of hallucinations, delusions, psychosis proneness, general psychopathology, or social functioning. The results of this feasibility trial suggest that PTSD patients with comorbid psychotic disorders benefit from trauma-focused treatment approaches such as PE and EMDR.</text>
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              <text>de Bont, P. (2011, August-September). Efficacy and safety of prolonged exposure or EMDR-treatment for PTSD with patients with a vulnerability for psychosis. A multiple baserate N=10 single case design. In Treating PTSD in patients with psychotic disorders. Symposium conducted at the 41st EABCT annual congress, Reykjavk, Iceland</text>
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                <text>In Treating PTSD in patients with psychotic disorders. Symposium conducted at the 41st EABCT annual congress, Reykjavík, Iceland</text>
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                <text>Objectives: Untill now, only a small number of studies have investigated the safety and effects of psychological treatment for PTSD in psychotic patients. The main aim of this study was to explore the effects of two psychological, highly manualized, guideline PTSD treatments: EMDR and prolonged exposure. Another important aim was to determine if negative side effects would occur as a result of therapy. Among clinicians fear exists of harming vulnerable patients with confronting therapeutic procedures, thus risking psychotic exacerbation, suicidal behaviour or other adverse events. Methods: In a N=10 single case study design the effects of psychological PTSD treatment were studied in psychiatric patients who suffer from psychoses. Participants were randomly assigned to either EMDR or Prolonged Exposure. Weekly measurements of PTSD and psychotic symptoms prior to, during and after treatment, gave a strong impression of how symptoms respond to treatment. The treatment in both conditions consisted of 12 sessions of 90 minutes. Adverse events were monitored weekly. Before, directly after and 3 months after treatment all subjects were tested more extensively for the variables PTSD and psychosis, and for three secondary outcome measures cognitive style, social functioning and quality of life. Results: The results show that PTSD-treatment can be quite effective for both PTSD and even some of the psychotic symptoms. PTSD symptoms dropped considerably, in a number of cases below the point of still having a PTSD. In some cases treatment helped diminish the occurence of harming voices. Not one patient became psychotic as a result of therapy, not even patients that went through the guided reliving of traumatic psychotic events during Prolonged Exposure. No suicide attempts occured. Occasional minor adverse events with medication occurred, but results taken as a whole the treatments were obviously safe. Conclusion: This study shows that PTSD-treatment in psychotic patients is a serious option, next to medical treatment. It can be done safely, effectively and in a manualized fashion. No information can be derived from this study as to which of the two, Prolonged Exposure or EMDR, can be best applied in specific situations. Both seem to be equal in the limited number of cases.</text>
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              <text>&lt;a&gt;Mark B. Powers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a&gt;Jacqueline M. Halpern&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a&gt;Michael P. Ferenschak&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a&gt;Seth J. Gillihan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a&gt;Edna B. Foa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Powers, M. B., Halpern, J. M., Ferenschak, M. P., Gillihan, S. J., &amp;amp; Foa, E. B. (2010, August). &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.007"&gt;A meta-analytic review of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder.&lt;/a&gt; Clinical Psychology Review, 30(6), 635-641. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.007</text>
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                <text>Two decades of research demonstrate the efficacy of exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The efficacy of prolonged exposure (PE), a specific exposure therapy program for PTSD that has been disseminated throughout the world, has been established in many controlled studies using different trauma populations. However, a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of PE for PTSD has not been conducted to date. The purpose of the current paper is to estimate the overall efficacy of PE for PTSD relative to adequate controls. We included all published randomized controlled trials of PE vs. control (wait-list or psychological placebo) for the treatment of PTSD in adolescents or adults. Treatments were classified as PE if they included multiple sessions of imaginal and in vivo exposure and were based on the manualized treatment developed by Foa, Rothbaum, Riggs, and Murdock (1991). Thirteen studies with a total sample size of 675 participants met the final inclusion criteria. The primary analyses showed a large effect for PE versus control on both primary (Hedges's g = 1.08) and secondary (Hedges's g = 0.77) outcome measures. Analyses also revealed medium to large effect sizes for PE at follow-up, both for primary (Hedges's g = 0.68) and secondary (Hedges's g = 0.41) outcome measures. There was no significant difference between PE and other active treatments (CPT, EMDR, CT, and SIT). Effect sizes were not moderated by time since trauma, publication year, dose, study quality, or type of trauma. The average PE-treated patient fared better than 86% of patients in control conditions at post-treatment on PTSD measures. PE is a highly effective treatment for PTSD, resulting in substantial treatment gains that are maintained over time.</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05793.x"&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05793.x&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Since the last edition of this review, there has been an impressive body of new evidence adding to our knowledge of psychological treatments. There have also been two new major reviews covering the complete range of available treatments: the second edition of the guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) and the US Institute of Medicine's review. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines were published before the last edition of this article, and there are currently no plans to revise them. However, the Australian guidelines build on the NICE guidelines, and provide the most comprehensive and user-friendly clinical guidance currently available. It is fascinating that such major and thorough reviews have arrived at different conclusions. The Institute of Medicine endorses trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT) and prolonged exposure but not eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) or drug treatment; NICE endorses TF-CBT and EMDR but not drugs; and the ISTSS guidelines, second edition, endorses drugs, EMDR, and TF-CBT. What is the bewildered therapist to do? Hopefully this review will clarify some of these issues. In truth, the discrepancy arises not because these learned and expert bodies have been perverse, negligent, or biased in their reviewing, but largely because they differ in what they have regarded as a clinically significant difference between two interventions as opposed to a statistical difference.</text>
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                <text>Two therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have received considerable support in the clinical literature: prolonged imaginal exposure (PE) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). Although PE is empirically supported, its critics purport that it causes symptom exacerbation. In contrast, proponents of EMDR claim that its response pattern is characterized by rapid decline in symptoms. The current investigation aimed to study and compare the patterns of symptom change during PE and EMDR using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). HLM avoids many shortcomings inherent in traditional longitudinal analyses by focusing on trajectories of change rather than group means. 62 women with PTSD following rape were randomly assigned to 9 sessions of PE or EMDR. Results indicated that neither group experienced symptom exacerbation nor rapid symptom decline. The patterns of symptom change in the two groups were not significantly different. The strengths and limitations of HLM and the studys design were discussed.</text>
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