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                <text>The fictional world imaginatively constituted during literary reading is sometimes compared with the imaginal world created during dreaming. At the core of both reading and dreaming may be the type of attentional adjustment that occurs when departures from expected events emerge in experience. During dreaming, markers of this attentional adjustment – and of the related transformations of dream content – are the eye movements characteristic of REM sleep. Recent research suggests that eye movements induced during wakefulness similarly prompt dreamlike transformations of imaginal activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that, during reading, induced eye movements would facilitate defamiliarization in response to the deviations from literal meanings found in metaphoric expressions. To test this hypothesis, twenty-five undergraduates completed 20 seconds of eye movements or 20 seconds of visual fixation before each of two tasks: (a) a covert visual attention task (Posner &amp;amp; Cohen, 1984), in which a cue indicated the likely position of a subsequent target, and (b) a sentence rating task, in which sentences with either metaphoric or non-metaphoric endings were rated for strikingness. Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated that the eye movement manipulation facilitated attentional adjustments to targets presented in invalidly cued locations and increased the extent to which metaphoric sentence endings were found striking. These results suggest that induced eye movements facilitate attentional reorientation toward the novel meanings found in metaphoric expressions, providing evidence that dreaming and reading involve a similarly “defamiliarizing” attentional adjustment.</text>
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                <text>The purpose of this study was to examine the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) technique and any affect it may have on improving a child's performance in reading. Improvements in self concept, and in the childs attitudes about learning, and any lessening of anxiety in learning to read were also assessed. The subjects were 6 male students in the third and fourth grade who also were determined to have a learning disability. All the students were in the same Learning Disability Resource room for help in their academic subjects. All had IQ's above 85. They were divided into 2 groups. The researcher worked with the experimental group of 3 students using the EMDR technique for a period of 8 weeks, 2 times a week. The other 3 students were the control group. The researcher met with the control group for 8 weeks, 2 times a week to discuss any difficulties they were having in school. The students were administered pre and post tests in reading and written expression using Curriculum Based Measurement (CBM) tests. Self esteem inventories and school achievement tests were also analyzed. Results indicated a significant improvement in reading fluency and written expression in the experimental group. In contrast, two of the control group students improved only slight or not at all. One of the control group students did improve significantly in all areas. Results suggest that EMDR did have a significant effect on the three experimental students reading and writing abilities. Self esteem ratings, however, remained the same.</text>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="462002">
                  <text>EMDR Collection</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="21">
      <name>Conference</name>
      <description/>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Document #</name>
          <description>emdr_doc_ID</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="302916">
              <text>00432</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="117">
          <name>Author(s)</name>
          <description>dc_creator</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="302917">
              <text>Rita Weinberg&lt;br /&gt;Sandy Caspers</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Year</name>
          <description>emdr_year</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="302920">
              <text>1998</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="112">
          <name>Link to Source (e.g. Association, Publisher)</name>
          <description>emdr_source_link</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="302922">
              <text>http://www.emdria.org/</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="104">
          <name>Subjects</name>
          <description>emdr_subject</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="302925">
              <text>Learning Disabilities, Reading, Students</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="113">
          <name>Accuracy Verified?</name>
          <description>emdr_accuracy</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="302926">
              <text>Yes</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Archived</name>
          <description>emdr_archived</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="302927">
              <text>No</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="116">
          <name>Original Work Citation</name>
          <description>spec_citation</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="302929">
              <text>Weinberg, R., &amp;amp; Caspers, S. (1998, July). Using EMDR with learning disabled students to improve reading. Presentation at the 3rd EMDR International Association Conference, Baltimore, MD</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="302918">
                <text>Using EMDR with learning disabled students to improve reading</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="302919">
                <text>Presentation at the 3rd EMDR International Association Conference, Baltimore, MD</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="302921">
                <text>1998, July</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="302923">
                <text>English</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="302924">
                <text>Conference</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="302928">
                <text>Participants will:  1) learn results of research project using EMDR; 2) learn to explore the use of EMDR in an educational setting; and 3) learn to report on EMDR intervention with learning disabled students.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="668">
        <name>Learning Disability</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="885">
        <name>Reading</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="152">
        <name>Students</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
