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              <text>Smid, W. J., ten Hoor, N., &amp;amp; Uzieblo, K. (2019, Fall). &lt;a href="http://newsmanager.commpartners.com/atsa/issues/2019-09-20/7.html"&gt;Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Exploring a new avenue for sex offender treatment.&lt;/a&gt; The Forum Newsletter, XXXI(4)</text>
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                <text>More experimental is the contribution of EMDR to the treatment of addiction and compulsion. Miller (2010) developed the Feeling-State Theory of impulse-control disorders, postulating that impulse-control disorders develop when positive feelings become linked with specific objects or behaviors. Together, these form a state-dependent memory, called a ‘Feeling State.’ For example, a gambler had an intense need to belong. After winning a lot of money playing poker, the camaraderie that he experienced afterwards with his friends became linked with the behavior of playing poker. Subsequently, whenever he wanted to experience the feeling of belonging, he played poker. The fixated state consisting of a positive feeling (belonging) linked with a behavior (playing poker) is called a feeling-state. Once established, the feeling-state is relatively independent of its origin. When triggered, the intensity of the associated emotions blocks further processing and renders the feeling-state equally fixating as a traumatic memory. The assumption is that the strong urges will disappear when the linked positive emotions are desensitized. This is tantamount to a ‘reverse EMDR’, since it does not involve the desensitization of negative (traumatic) memories, but instead the desensitization of positive memories: memories that exert a strong attraction.</text>
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                <text>These research findings on these techniques, with the noted variations from the traditional EMDR protocol, suggest that EMDR is a valuable addition to standard CBT RP sex offender treat ment. By integrating this treatment modality into standard sex offender treatment, the roots and etiology of the sex offender’s offense supporting cognitive distortions are addressed and the blocks to relationships are addressed at their root (Ricci, Clayt on, &amp;amp; Shapiro, 2006). This treatment modality offers a way to unlock further treatment successes by working through and overcoming the roadblocks to treatment success. [Excerpt]</text>
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                <text>Sexual offenders have higher levels of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) than either general or other criminal populations. The Pathways Model of sex offender treatment highlights etiology of offenses. The Adaptive Information Processing Model inherent in EMDR therapy offers an efficient way to target these etiological pathways forged by trauma-induced, maladaptively stored cognitions and emotions. We developed an Offense Drivers Model of EMDR therapy based on five extant models in the sex offender literature to guide the EMDR clinician to target the relevant factors which are theorized to drive offending behavior.</text>
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                <text>The Pathways model of sex offending (Ward &amp;amp; Siegert, 2002) suggests four primary interactive psychological mechanisms: intimacy and social skills deficits; distorted sexual scripts; emotional dysregulation; and offense-supportive beliefs. Research has shown that most if not all of these pathways are forged through adverse or aberrant developmental experiences or events (Johnson-Reid, et al. 2010). Trauma-informed treatment including EMDR therapy is an efficient means of addressing these contributing etiological factors. Resolving trauma dynamics clears the way for clients to more clearly recognize their idiosyncratic offense chain, and develop a pro-social “Good Lives” relapse prevention plan in conjunction with their community support person(s). Case studies and film clips of treated clients illustrate these concepts and client perceptions.</text>
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                <text>Storicamente, il trattamento di maschi adulti sex offenders ignorava, o volutamente evitava, le avversità evolutive o il trauma presenti nella storia dell’abusante. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Le teorie emergenti nel campo del trattamento di adulti sex offenders (Andrews &amp;amp; Bonta, 1998; Marshall et al., 2003; Ward &amp;amp; Gannon, 2006; Ward &amp;amp; Hudson, 1998; Ward, Hudson, &amp;amp; Keenan, 1998; Ward &amp;amp; Siegert, 2002; Ward, &amp;amp; Stewart, 2003) concedono spazio ad un modello di trattamento focalizzato sul trauma, che include un lavoro di collaborazione tra gli operatori che forniscono un trattamento ai sex offenders e i terapeuti EMDR. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un modello del percorso evolutivo del comportamento del sex offender (Ward &amp;amp; Siegert, 2002), suggerisce quattro principali meccanismi psicologici interagenti: deficit nelle esperienze di intimità e nelle abilità sociali, script sessuali distorti, disregolazione emotiva, credenze a sostegno del reato. La ricerca ha mostrato che la maggior parte di questi percorsi vengono formati da esperienze o eventi avversi o aberranti durante lo sviluppo (Johnson-Reid, et al. 2010). Un trattamento focalizzato sul trauma, incluso l’EMDR, risulta essere uno strumento efficace nell’affrontare tali fattori eziologici contribuenti. La risoluzione di dinamiche legate al trauma, apre la strada ai pazienti per riconoscere più chiaramente la loro catena di reati idiosincratica, oltre a sviluppare un piano di prevenzione prosociale “Good Lives” contro recidive, in abbinamento al supporto fornito dalle persone della loro comunità. Studi del caso e spezzoni di filmati di pazienti trattati illustreranno questi concetti e le loro percezioni. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uno studio promettente su un campione di dieci uomini molestatori a danni di minori attraverso l’utilizzo di un insieme di diversi di metodi, tra cui l’EMDR e il modello CBT standard, ha evidenziato miglioramenti pre-post sia nel progresso del trattamento (SOTRS; Anderson, Gibeau, &amp;amp; D’Amora, 1995), sia in una significativa riduzione dell’arousal sessuale deviante ed idiosincratico, sulla base delle misurazioni fallometriche (Ricci, Clayton, &amp;amp; Shapiro, 2006). L’analisi qualitativa del progetto fornisce una guida per lo sviluppo di un protocollo del trattamento.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Historically, the treatment of male adult sex offenders ignored or purposely avoided , adversity or trauma in the evolutionary history of the abuser. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Emerging theories in the field of treatment of adult sex offenders ( Andrews &amp;amp; Bonta, 1998; Marshall et al., 2003; Ward &amp;amp; Gannon, 2006; Ward &amp;amp; Hudson, 1998; Ward , Hudson, &amp;amp; Keenan, 1998; Ward &amp;amp; Siegert , 2002; Ward, &amp;amp; Stewart, 2003) allow room for a trauma- focused treatment model , which includes a collaborative work between operators that provide treatment to sex offenders and EMDR therapists. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A model of the evolution of the behavior of the sex offender ( Ward &amp;amp; Siegert, 2002) suggests four main psychological mechanisms interacting: deficits in the experiences of intimacy and social skills, distorted sexual scripts, emotional dysregulation, beliefs in support of the offense. Research has shown that most of these paths are formed by experiences or adverse events or aberrant during development (Johnson -Reid, et al. 2010). A treatment focused on trauma, including EMDR, appears to be an effective tool in addressing these etiological factors taxpayers. The resolution of the dynamics related to the trauma, paves the way for patients to recognize more clearly their idiosyncratic chain of crimes, in addition to developing a prevention plan prosocial "Good Lives" against recurrence, in conjunction with the support provided by the people of their community. Case studies and video excerpts of patients treated illustrate these concepts and their perceptions. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One promising study on a sample of ten men offenders against children through the use of a set of different methods, including EMDR and CBT standard model, showed improvements in both the pre -post treatment progress ( SOTRS; Anderson, Gibeau, &amp;amp; D' Amora, 1995), both in a significant reduction in arousal and sexual deviant idiosyncratic, based on the measurements fallometriche (Ricci, Clayton, &amp;amp; Shapiro, 2006). The qualitative analysis of the project provides guidance for the development of a treatment protocol.</text>
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              <text>Fallon, M. K. (2012). &lt;a href="http://search.proquest.com//docview/1315761390"&gt;Treatment providers' perceptions of treatment effectiveness with female juvenile sex offenders.&lt;/a&gt; Available from Proquest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI. No. 3554311)</text>
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                <text>This study investigated how treatment providers working with juvenile sexual offenders perceive treatment effectiveness of current treatment modalities for juvenile female sexual offenders. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation statistics from 2008, juvenile offenders, particularly juvenile female sexual offenders, are rising in numbers (FBI, 2009).The majority of the research regarding juvenile sexual offenders hasfocused on adolescent males and little is known about whether treatment for juvenile offenders, generally without differentiation between genders, are working for female sexual offenders. The female juvenile sex offender is under identified, inadequately studied, and underserved. This study aimed at gaining information about treatment providers' perceived effectiveness of common treatment modalities on juvenile female sex offenders. Sixty-four helping professionals who work with sex offenders in the Midwest region participated in this study. The results indicated that, out of 55 treatment modalities for sex offenders, 23 treatment modalities were in the range of effective to mostly effective; 12 were in the range of somewhat effective to effective; and 12 were in the somewhat effective category; and 8 treatment modalities, all being in the Pharmacological Methods, were in the not effective to somewhat range. For the 35 treatment modalities in the range from somewhat effective to mostly effective, Communication SkillS, Assertiveness Training, Psychodrama, Individual Counseling and EMDR were found to be perceived as more effective treatment modalities for juvenile female offenders compared to juvenile male offenders. Anger Management, Social Skills, Fantasy Work, Assault Cycle and Journaling were perceived to be effective for juvenile male offenders. However, 29 out of 55 treatment modalities (52.73%) were found to be perceived as equally effective to either female or male offenders. It is also found that none of the treatment modalities in the category of Cognitive Behavioral or Behavioral were perceived to be more effective for female offenders. While some treatment modalities were perceived as significantly different in treatment effectiveness when comparing juvenile females with juvenile males, more than half of the 55 treatment modalities were identified as being equal for both genders. The findings of this study might lend insights to helping professionals working with juvenile sex offenders to be mindful of differentiated treatment methods for juvenile female and male offenders. Future research is needed to clarify why some treatment modalities are equally effective for juvenile males and females, and the reasons for some treatment being more effective to either gender.</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2013.791350"&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2013.791350&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>ten Hoor, N. M. (2013, May). &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2013.791350"&gt;Treating cognitive distortions with EMDR: A case study of a sex offender.&lt;/a&gt; International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 12(2), 139-148. doi:10.1080/14999013.2013.791350</text>
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                <text>This study examined the effects of EMDR (Shapiro, 2002) and DeTUR (Popky, 2005) on three sexual offenders' risk to re-offend. Participants were given pretests and treatment outcomes were measured post treatment and 90 days thereafter using the IES-R (Weiss &amp;amp; Marmar, 1997), the TSI (Briere, 1995), the SOI (Kafka, 1997), the ACUTE 2007 (Hanson, Harris, Scott, &amp;amp; Helmus, 2007), and the Monarch 21 PPG Assessment (Byrne, 2006). The Reliable Change Index (RCI; Jacobson, Follette, &amp;amp; Revenstorf, 1984; as cited by Wise, 2004) was used to measure reliable differences. The results suggest there was no significant change in the level of trauma symptoms; however there was significant change in deviant arousal which lowered the risk level of two offenders. One offender experienced an increase in his risk level due to an increase in trauma symptoms.</text>
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                <text>The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the effects of EMDR on state and trait anxiety and anger levels associated with developmental traumas of sexual offenders in outpatient sex offender treatment. A qualitative component explored the participants' perceptions of their therapy experiences as helpful in resolving problematic reactive behaviors linked with the developmental traumas and other negative life experiences. The male participants ranged in age from 20 to 49 and were self-selected from a purposive sample of clients receiving treatment in an outpatient sex offender program in Southwest Florida. From this sample group, N = 17, the study participants were randomly assigned to one of two treatment modalities, EMDR or CBT. This exploratory study utilized a quasi-experimental, mixed methods format to analyze the effects of EMDR on state/trait anxiety and anger levels. The study utilized both quantitative and qualitative research strategies to acquire what Webster and Marshall (2004) described as "the clearest, fullest picture of behavior" (p. 118). The quantitative analysis of data obtained from the pre and post-testing found no significant differences between the treatment groups in reducing state/trait anxiety and anger levels. The analysis of the qualitative interview data revealed four core themes: Treatment Efficacy, Emotional Processing, Therapeutic Alliance, and Empowerment. The emergent themes of emotional processing and the therapeutic alliance have not been fully explored in sex offender therapy and may warrant further scrutiny. Additionally, processing of developmental traumas and past victimization has been avoided or minimized in standard cognitive-behavioral sex offender treatment contrary to more recent research findings that identify attachment problems and intimacy deficits as key dynamic risk factors associated with sexual recidivism (Adams, 2003). The field of sex offender therapy may benefit from future research that investigates the role of trauma resolution in mitigating dynamic risk factors that are linked with recidivistic sexual violence. EMDR may serve as an adjunctive therapy to assist sexual offenders to effectively process developmental wounds and in so doing target dynamic risk factors by improving their ability to emotionally self-regulate and enhance their ability to more fully experience victim empathy and improve interpersonal relationships. Future sex offender research may benefit from more expanded investigations of EMDR and other limbic therapies.</text>
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                <text>Ten child molesters with reported histories of childhood sexual abuse underwent eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) trauma treatment as an adjunct to standard cognitive-behavioural therapy-relapse prevention (CBT-RP) group treatment. Trauma resolution produced significant pre/post changes on all relevant subscales of the Sexual Offender Treatment Rating Scale (SOTRS). One unanticipated benefit was a consistent and sustained decline in deviant sexual arousal compared to the control condition. As measured by the SOTRS, decrease in arousal was also correlated with a decrease in sexual thoughts, increased motivation for treatment, and increased victim empathy. Deviant arousal is strongly associated with sexual recidivism. Clinical observations support the notion that those sexual offenders with histories of childhood sexual abuse may be left with aberrant sexual arousal, which is one pathway to sexual offending. The adaptive information processing model offers an explanation of the decreased and sustained deviant arousal observed in this study. This preliminary evidence supports a call for further research into this phenomenon.</text>
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                <text>There have been numerous barriers to the development of comprehensive and successful treatment for sex offenders.  One of the primary barriers involved societal views of offenders as being incorrigible and first and foremost deserving of punishment.  Offenders themselves have fed that view because of seemingly impenetrable defense mechanisms they develop to maintain a sense of safety from others as well as their own thoughts, feelings, and memories.  Other barriers to development of comprehensive treatment models involve the failure of traditional psychodynamic techniques, which focus primarily on resolving intrapsychic conflicts, to provide cost effective, adequate, and reliable treatment results (Lockhart, Saunders, &amp; Cleveland, 1989).</text>
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                <text>Treatment of sex offenders who have been themselves sexually abused in their childhood, offers a significant challenge for many therapists. The traumas related to abuse are unique to the individual offender and need to be addressed to enhance victim empathy that is so crucial in breaking the cycle of offense. Treatment of a group of sexually abused adolescent sex offenders using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) showed reduction in anxiety and increase in positive cognition. A pre- and post-treatment evaluation using the Datta Empathy Scale (DES), after an average of 3 sessions, showed a significant increase in empathy for respective victims. The DES was administered one year after the cessation of EMDR treatment and the results showed a sustaining effect of EMDR on victim empathy, anxiety and positive cognition.</text>
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                <text>Most sex offenders in treatment in the United States understand and adapt well to the predominantly cognitive/behavioral/relapse prevention (RP) aspects of their treatment. "No more victims" is the fundamental goal of sex offender treatment, and due to this focus on relapse prevention, most sex offenders do not adequately address their own emotional wounding from early trauma and victimization. This author believes these unresolved affective issues lead to the cognitive distortions and justifications that allow sex offenders to give themselves permission to offend in the first place. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapeutic intervention that assists in rapidly resolving troubling thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations. Incorporating EMDR into the current cognitive/behavioral/relapse prevention (RP) treatment model for sex offender treatment opens the possibility of reducing the reoffense rate in society. In this study, affective issues of adult male sex offenders (n = 27) were addressed, employing EMDR; this comprised the experimental treatment group. The experimental group received a pretest, three EMDR sessions, and a posttest over an average time of 3.8 months. The Multiphasic Sex Inventory (MSI) was the measure used for this research. The three scales on that test designed to measure for thinking errors were: the Cognitive Distortion and Immaturity (CDI Scale; the Justification (Ju) Scale; and the Treatment Attitudes (TA) Scale. Archived pretest/posttest scores of randomly selected and anonymous adult male sex offenders comprised the control group (n = 27). This group was tested on the MSI and MSI 2 before entering Module 4 and after finishing Module 5, representing 22.5 months of treatment pretest/posttest. All control and experimental group subjects took part in a mandated cognitive/behavioral/relapse prevention (RP) program. The independent two-sample t test was used to compare two means utilizing the rate of change between the experimental and control group. The results of the study indicate a statistically significant reduction in justifications for offender behavior in the experimental group on the Ju scale (p-value = 0.008). On the CDI and TA scale, the null hypotheses were supported.</text>
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                <text>Trauma resolution using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with an incestuous sex offender: An instrumental case study</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="299543">
                <text>Clinical Case Studies, 5(3), 248-265. doi:10.1177/1534650104265276</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="299545">
                <text>2006, June</text>
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          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="299548">
                <text>English</text>
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            <name>Format</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="299549">
                <text>Journal</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="299553">
                <text>This case describes the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) to reduce reactivity to childhood trauma in an incestuous sex offender. It explores the relationship between desensitization and reprocessing of traumatic memory and how this may promote sex offender treatment progress as an enhancement of, not a replacement for, the cognitive-behavioral or relapse prevention treatment of sexual offenders. Pretreatment and posttreatment self-report and other-report instruments and semistructured interviews are employed to explore the results of this intervention. Implications and suggestions for this treatment protocol are suggested.</text>
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      <tag tagId="308">
        <name>Childhood Trauma</name>
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      <tag tagId="169">
        <name>Clinical Case Study</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="114">
        <name>Emotional Trauma</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="231">
        <name>Eye Movements</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="254">
        <name>Incest</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="154">
        <name>Sex Offender</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="310">
        <name>Sex Offense</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="311">
        <name>Trauma Resolution</name>
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        <name>Treatment</name>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>EMDR Collection</text>
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      <name>Conference</name>
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      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Document #</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="299016">
              <text>00059</text>
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              <text>Purna C. Datta&lt;br /&gt;Jack W. Wallace</text>
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          <name>Year</name>
          <description>emdr_year</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="299020">
              <text>1996</text>
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        <element elementId="104">
          <name>Subjects</name>
          <description>emdr_subject</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="299024">
              <text>Anxiety, Sex Offenders</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="113">
          <name>Accuracy Verified?</name>
          <description>emdr_accuracy</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="299025">
              <text>Yes</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Archived</name>
          <description>emdr_archived</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="299026">
              <text>Yes</text>
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          <name>Original Work Citation</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="299028">
              <text>Datta, P. C., &amp;amp; Wallace, J. W. (1996, November). Enhancement of victim empathy along with reduction in anxiety and increase of positive cognition of sex offenders after treatment with EMDR: Maintenance after three years. Presentation at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy Conference, New York</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="299018">
                <text>Enhancement of victim empathy along with reduction in anxiety and increase of positive cognition of sex offenders after treatment with EMDR: Maintenance after three years</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="299019">
                <text>Presentation at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy Conference, New York</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>1996, November</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="299022">
                <text>English</text>
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          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
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                <text>Conference</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="299027">
                <text>Treatment of sex offenders who have been themselves sexually abused in their childhood, offers a significant challenge for many therapists. The traumas related to abuse are unique to the individual offender and need to be addressed to enhance victim empathy that is so crucial in breaking the cycle of offense. Treatment of a group of sexually abused adolescent sex offenders using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) showed reduction in anxiety and increase in positive cognition. A pre- and post-treatment evaluation using the Datta Empathy Scale (DES), after an average of 3 sessions, showed a significant increase in empathy for respective victims. The victim empathy (using DES), anxiety (using SUDS0, and cognition control (using VoC scale) were also measured in the available subjects one year after and three years after the cessation of EMDR treatment, the results showed a sustaining effect of EMDR on victim empathy, anxiety, and positive cognition.</text>
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        <name>Anxiety</name>
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      <tag tagId="11029">
        <name>Datta Empathy Scale</name>
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      <tag tagId="154">
        <name>Sex Offender</name>
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