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              <text>Segal, D., &amp;amp; Ravid, N. (2023, June). A journey from loneliness to belonging: EMDR multi-sessions group therapy for victims of sexual assault. Presentation at the EMDR Europe Conference, Bologna, Italy</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Background and aims&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The distinct advantage of EMDR group therapy is the ability to extend the effect of therapy that has been proven to be effective to large populations. Group therapy can make therapy more accessible, save patients time, shorten suffering, and may be effective since it process the trauma and offers emotional support. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;The research presented uses both quantitative and qualitative measures to examine a model for EMDR multi-sessions group therapy we developed in our work with victims of sexual assault. The uniqueness of the model lies in the innovative use of EMDR in a group setting, in the use of mixed methods, and in the creation of an adapted and a comprehensive response to post-traumatic symptoms. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;The results show a decrease in somatic and post-traumatic symptoms, and increased levels of functioning, post-traumatic growth and hope. The participants' narrative clearly points to the fact that they experienced group cohesion, sense of belonging and partnership alongside trust in the group’s work. Most of the participants report that the use of EMDR Therapy in the group setting led to the development of a new view of the traumas, their consequences and the patterns created by them. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;We suggest that EMDR multi session group therapy and the group cohesion it creates can improve treatment of trauma victims. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract topic&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Group Therapy, mixed methods research</text>
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              <text>Benavidez-Hatzis, J. R. (2023). Experiences of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: The voices of CIS female survivors of sexual assault. (Doctoral dissertation, Adelphi University)</text>
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                <text>Sexual violence is endemic to the United States and is associated with various mental health challenges; however, survivors’ mental healthcare utilization varies widely. Despite EMDR’s demonstrated efficacy for rape-related PTSD and its effectiveness in community settings, very little is known about how survivors access EMDR and whether they perceive it as helpful to their healing and growth. This phenomenological inquiry, guided by a feminist-informed ecological framework, holistically explored 18 survivors’ lived experiences seeking and using EMDR in the aftermath of sexual assault. Data were collected from a purposive sample of 18 survivors using a semi-structured interview protocol. Findings revealed most survivors receive EMDR from clinical social workers in private practice. Survivors’ help-seeking was often situated within an inhospitable healing environment and involved a nonlinear process punctuated by intersecting barriers to accessing EMDR and healing, including self-blame, stigma, financial, structural, and institutional barriers. The combined and counteracting role of empowering social and material resources delineated early, delayed, advantaged, and precarious EMDR treatment-seeking trajectories. Findings also revealed the synergistic interplay of the EMDR approach, therapeutic alliance, and client-related factors as salient contributors to respondents’ well-being following treatment. Findings from this study are of particular importance to social workers who are on the frontlines of community practice, and who comprise the majority of community practitioners. Study findings revealed implications for social work education, practice, research, and policy.</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/rambling-reporter/new-trauma-therapy-evan-rachel-wood-swears-by-1205648"&gt;https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/rambling-reporter/new-trauma-therapy-evan-rachel-wood-swears-by-1205648&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>Gardner, C. (2019, May 2). &lt;a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/rambling-reporter/new-trauma-therapy-evan-rachel-wood-swears-by-1205648"&gt;The new therapy that Evan Rachel Wood swears by.&lt;/a&gt;The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved from https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/rambling-reporter/new-trauma-therapy-evan-rachel-wood-swears-by-1205648 on 5/3/19</text>
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                <text>After the actress took to social media to proclaim that Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy is "absolutely fantastic," the procedure has also found fans in Brie Larson and Whitney Cummings</text>
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              <text>ShuangGe, S. (2017, April). Psychosocial intervention for sexual assault victims. Poster presented at the 3rd EMDR Asia International Conference, Shanghai, China</text>
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                <text>&lt;strong&gt;Objective:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;To explore the intervention model for sexual assault victims with the systematic view and method of EMDR trauma therapy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Through the research results and cases study of EMDR therapy on the psychological, physiological and behavioral effects of sexual assault, the consequences, intervention strategies and methods on sexual assault were studied. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Results: &lt;br /&gt;The core damage of sexual assault is not sex, but the memory and response patterns that are branded in the brain and the body, including the damage on brain function or even its structure, and social and cultural influence. Stabilization both on Internal and external and EMDR processing can eliminate the negative effects of sexual assault, enhance positive resources. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;The theory and method of treatment of EMDR trauma therapy expand people's understanding of sexual assault trauma and the vision on psychological and social intervention. Sexual assault trauma happens both external and internal, so do the intervention. In addition to the efforts from the victims and therapists, intervention should also include supports and cooperation from outside the consultation room from the family, community and society.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Poster presented at the 3rd EMDR Asia International Conference, Shanghai, China&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>This presentation considers the psychological impact of rape and sexual assault, identifies clinical themes and limitations to treatment associated with the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) guidelines on pre-trial therapy for cases with involvement with the Criminal Justice Sytem (CJS). It also explores therapy outcomes using EMDR treatment and EMDR resource development and installation in adults attending the Clinical Psychology Service within a Sexual Assault Referral Centre in London. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sexual violence may have serious and persisting consequences in terms of health and well-being, social, interpersonal and occupational functioning (HM Government, 2007). Disclosure is usually a key moment in the journey of recovery. Inadequate, dismissive or critical responses by statutory agencies have been highlighted as a significant problem (e.g. Payne, 2009) and can be experienced as a form of secondary or repeat victimisation (Maier, 2008). Such responses from agencies post sexual assault may evoke issues of credibility, self-blame and psychological distress. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This study is a retrospective case note review looking at current and past psychological difficulties of adult clients attending the Havens for psychological therapy within a one-year period. Clients’ clinical notes are also reviewed for thematic content related to clients’ perceptions of their involvement with the police and the judicial system and the impact of this on psychological wellbeing. Standard clinical outcome measures routinely completed by patients at psychological assessment and discharge are compared to measure changes in symptom severity. Case examples will be presented to illustrate the use of EMDR treatment with complainants of rape and sexual assault.</text>
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                <text>De werkzaamheid van EMDR en STEPS in het verminderen van depressieve klachten en suïcidegedachten &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The efficacy of EMDR and STEPS in reducing depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts</text>
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                <text>In dit onderzoek is gekeken naar de werkzaamheid van EMDR en de individuele vorm van de cognitieve gedragstherapie STEPS in het verminderen van depressieve klachten en suïcidegedachten en het verbeteren van het psychische en fysieke welzijn van adolescente, verkrachte meisjes met een Post Traumatische Stress Stoornis. De STEPS-therapie is een cognitieve gedragstherapie die is ontwikkeld door Bicanic en Kremers en gebruik maakt van exposure en cognitieve herstructurering. Er werd verwacht dat de STEPS-therapie werkzamer zou zijn. Methoden: De steekproef bestond uit 49 meisjes, waarvan15 meisjes in de EMDR-groep en 34 meisjes in de STEPS-groep. De depressieve klachten werden gemeten aan de hand van de subschaal depressie van de Symptom Check List (SCL-90) en de Child Depression Inventory (CDI). Suïcidegedachten werden gemeten met behulp van vraag 9, naar suïcidegedachten, van de CDI. Het psychische en fysieke welzijn werd gemeten aan de hand van de SCL-90 totaalscore. Resultaten: Na afloop van beide therapieën bleken de scores op de depressieve klachten significant te zijn verminderd en de score met betrekking tot het psychische en fysieke welzijn te significant te zijn verbeterd. Alleen in de STEPS-groep verminderde de suïcidescores significant. Wanneer beide therapieën met elkaar werden vergeleken bleken beiden even werkzaam te zijn op alle metingen. Daarnaast werd gevonden dat jonge en laag opgeleide meisjes meer suïcidegedachten hadden dan oudere en hoger opgeleide meisjes. Discussie: Resultaten worden besproken en bediscussieerd. Ook wordt toekomstig onderzoek voorgesteld. In dit onderzoek is gekeken naar de werkzaamheid van EMDR en de individuele vorm van de cognitieve gedragstherapie STEPS in het verminderen van depressieve klachten en suïcidegedachten en het verbeteren van het psychische en fysieke welzijn van adolescente, verkrachte meisjes met een Post Traumatische Stress Stoornis. De STEPS-therapie is een cognitieve gedragstherapie die is ontwikkeld door Bicanic en Kremers en gebruik maakt van exposure en cognitieve herstructurering. Er werd verwacht dat de STEPS-therapie werkzamer zou zijn. Methoden: De steekproef bestond uit 49 meisjes, waarvan15 meisjes in de EMDR-groep en 34 meisjes in de STEPS-groep. De depressieve klachten werden gemeten aan de hand van de subschaal depressie van de Symptom Check List (SCL-90) en de Child Depression Inventory (CDI). Suïcidegedachten werden gemeten met behulp van vraag 9, naar suïcidegedachten, van de CDI. Het psychische en fysieke welzijn werd gemeten aan de hand van de SCL-90 totaalscore. Resultaten: Na afloop van beide therapieën bleken de scores op de depressieve klachten significant te zijn verminderd en de score met betrekking tot het psychische en fysieke welzijn te significant te zijn verbeterd. Alleen in de STEPS-groep verminderde de suïcidescores significant. Wanneer beide therapieën met elkaar werden vergeleken bleken beiden even werkzaam te zijn op alle metingen. Daarnaast werd gevonden dat jonge en laag opgeleide meisjes meer suïcidegedachten hadden dan oudere en hoger opgeleide meisjes. Discussie: Resultaten worden besproken en bediscussieerd. Ook wordt toekomstig onderzoek voorgesteld. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this research we investigated if EMDR or the individual form of the cognitive behavioural therapy STEPS were better in reducing the depressive symptoms and suicide thoughts and improving the psychological and physiological wellbeing of adolescent girls who became victims of rape and as a result developed a Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The STEPS therapy is a cognitive behavioural therapy which is developed by Bicanic and Kremers and is based on exposure and cognitive restructuring. It was expected that de STEPS therapy would be better. Methods: The sample existed of 49 girls, of which 15 followed the EMDR therapy and 34 followed the STEPS therapy. The depressive symptoms were measured by the subscale depression of the Symptom Check List (SCL-90) and the Child Depression Inventory (CDI). Question 9, about suicide thoughts, of the CDI was used to measure the suicide thoughts and the total score on the SCL-90 was used to measure psychological and physiological wellbeing. Results: After both of the therapies the score on the depressive symptoms significantly decreased and the scores on the psychological and physiological wellbeing significantly improved. Only in the STEPS-group the scores on the suicide thoughts decreased significantly. When we compared the two therapies, both of the therapies were as good as the other on all measures. We also found that the younger and less educated girls had more suicide thoughts than the older en more educated girls. Discussion: Results and further research are discussed.</text>
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                <text>This study explores the use of Eye Movement Desensitisation (hereafter referred to as EMDR), a form of psychotherapy on a female adolescent sexual assault survivor. Adolescence as a developmental stage is characterised by specific issues, such as the search for own identity. Sexual trauma may increase the inner conflict, because of the adolescent's ability to deal with the trauma at a higher cognitive level than in earlier childhood. Without support including psychotherapy, the adolescent sexual assault survivor may be at risk of developing mental health problems including Post-traumatic Stress Syndrome (hereafter referred to as PTSD). This research is a qualitative case study, involving only one adolescent participant. Mary (pseudonym) a sexual assault survivor, was selected from referrals the Unit for Educational Psychology at the University of Stellenbosch received from the Child Protection Unit of the South African Police Services. She was referred because she displayed symptoms of depression and PTSD, which affected her relations with her parents, siblings and peers. She also struggled to cope emotionally with the academic demands of school. The ecosystemic approach was chosen as the preferred framework within which to locate this study. In assessment and intervention this framework lends itself to focussing on relationships and systems rather than merely the individual with a problem. The study explores the use of EMDR to alleviate symptoms of depression and PTSD in Mary. She attended thirteen sessions of which the first three were used to assess her level of functioning. Data were collected by means of self-report questionnaires including the Beck's Depression Inventory and the Dissociative Experiences Scale, interviews and therapy sessions during which EMDR was used. The data were analysed using codes, categories and themes, interpreted and the study concluded with a discussion of the findings. The findings suggest that EMDR effectively alleviated Mary's symptoms of depression and PTSD. However, since the study was limited to a single participant, a larger sample is recommended to determine whether EMDR might be a feasible treatment tool for female adolescent sexual assault survivors.</text>
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              <text>Mankuta, D., Aziz-Suleyman, A., Yochai, L., &amp;amp; Allon, M. (2012, November). &lt;a href="http://www.ima.org.il/FilesUpload/IMAJ/0/44/22137.pdf"&gt;Field evaluation and treatment of short-term psycho-medical trauma after sexual assault in the Democratic Republic of Congo.&lt;/a&gt; Israel Medical Assocation Journal, 14(11), 653-657</text>
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                <text>Israel Medical Assocation Journal, 14(11), 653-657</text>
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                <text>Background: During the horrific war in the Democratic Republic of Congo during the years 1996–2007 the number of casualties is estimated to be 5.4 million. In addition, 1.8 million women, children and men were raped, many as a social weapon of war. Many of these women still suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mutilated genitals. Objectives: To assess a short-term interventional team for the evaluation and treatment of sexual trauma victims. Methods: The intervention program comprised four components: training the local staff, medical evaluation and treatment of patients, psychological evaluation and treatment of trauma victims, and evacuation and transport of patients with mutilated genitals. A diagnostic tool for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – the Impact Event Scale (IES) – was used. The psychological treatment was based on EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) principles. Using questionnaires, the information was obtained from patients, medical staff and medical records. Results: Three primary care clinics were chosen for intervention. Of the 441 women who attended the clinics over a period of 20 days, 52 women were diagnosed with severe PTSD. Psychological intervention was offered to only 23 women because of transport limitations. The most common medical problems were pelvic inflammatory disease and secondary infertility. Nine patients suffered genital mutilation and were transferred for surgical correction. The 32 local nurses and 2 physicians who participated in the theoretical and practical training course showed improved knowledge as evaluated by a written test. Conclusions: With the short-term interventional team model for sexual assault victims the combined cost of medical and psychological services is low. The emphasis is on training local staff to enhance awareness and providing them with tools to diagnose and treat sexual assault and mutilation.</text>
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        <name>Impact of Event Scale</name>
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        <name>Sexual Assault</name>
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        <name>Trauma</name>
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              <text>Karen Williams</text>
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              <text>twu.ca/</text>
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              <text>Depression, Female, Guilt, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Sexual Assault, Survivors</text>
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          <name>Accuracy Verified?</name>
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              <text>Williams, K. (2006, August). A comparative experimental treatment outcome study: Female survivors of sexual assault suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and trauma-related guilt ? self-report and psychophysiological measures. Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, CAN</text>
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                <text>A comparative experimental treatment outcome study: Female survivors of sexual assault suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and trauma-related guilt – self-report and psychophysiological measures</text>
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                <text>Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, CAN</text>
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                <text>Diverse psychotherapeutic approaches for treating trauma-related sequelae have emerged over the last several decades in response to the widespread prevalence of sexual assault and resultant posttraumatic stress disorder among women (PTSD). In a recent formal study (Grace, 2003), a newer treatment called one eye integration (OEI) has been shown to be effective for traumatized individuals. The purpose of this study was to build upon those findings by comparing the effectiveness of two treatments for reducing PTSD symptoms with a breathing, relaxation, autogenics, imagery, and grounding (BRAIN) control condition. Twenty-seven female rape or sexual assault survivors who met the criteria for PTSD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Text-Revision, (DSM-IV-TR; APA, 2000) were randomly assigned to three groups: (a) a neurologically-based therapy called OEI, (b) an information processing model referred to as cognitive processing therapy-revised (CPT-R), or (c) a control condition (BRAIN), PTSD, depression, and trauma-related guilt symptoms were assessed pretreatment, posttreatment and at 3-month follow up, and qualitative electroencephalography (qEEG) brainwave patterns of two regions of the scalp (frontal and parietal) were measured pre and posttreatment. The following dependent measures were used: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and t he Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI). Though there were no significant differences in PTSD symptoms between groups from pretreatment to post treatment assessments, a significant difference occurred between pretreatment and 3-month follow up, with OEI manifesting greater reductions than CPT-R or BRAIN. There were no significant differences between groups in depression, but there was a reduction in BDI-II scores over time. Reduction in guilt-related symptoms occurred on several scales and subscales for all three groups over time from pretreatment of posttreatment assessments, though not significantly by group. A significant difference was found for the Global Guilt subscale at 3-month follow up, with greater improvement for the OEI group. Preliminary results from cortical brain activity assessments indicate typical qEEG asymmetry patterns for PTSD and depression, though there were no significant group differences apart from minor post hoc analyses. Implications of these findings for clinical work and directions for future research were discussed.</text>
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              <text>Outcome Predictors, Prolonged Exposure, Sexual Assault, Survivors</text>
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          <name>Accuracy Verified?</name>
          <description>emdr_accuracy</description>
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              <text>Yes</text>
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              <text>Rothbaum, B. O., Leifker, F. R., &amp;amp; Astin, M. (2008, November). Predictors of outcome in female sexual assault survivors receive PE or EMDR. Presentation at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 24th Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL</text>
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                <text>Presentation at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 24th Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL</text>
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                <text>Predictors for response to treatment in a controlled study aimed to evaluate the relative efficacy of Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) compared to a no-treatment wait-list control (WAIT) in the treatment of PTSD in adult female rape victims were examined. In this study, 74 participants with PTSD were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions to achieve 20 completers per group. Independent Assessors blind to the treatment condition administered standard measures of PTSD and related symptoms. Improvement in PTSD, depression, dissociation, and state anxiety was significantly greater in both PE and EMDR group than the WAIT group. PE and EMDR did not differ significantly for change from baseline to either post-treatment or 6-month follow up measurement for any quantitative scale. EMDR subjects with 2 or more comorbid diagnoses, however, improved significantly less than all other active treatment subjects. At post-treatment and 6months, 95% and 94% of PE subjects and 75% and 74% EMDR subjects no longer met DSM-IV PTSD criteria, respectively. At the 6-month follow-up assessment, 78% of those who received PE and 35% of those who received EMDR met criteria for good end state functioning (p=.017).</text>
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              <text>Selvig, A., Rothbaum, B. O., Astin, M. C., &amp;amp; Jackson, J. (2004, November). Symptom change patterns during prolonged exposure to EMDR treatments for PTSD following sexual assault. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New Orleans, LA</text>
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                <text>Sexual assault occurs with alarming frequency in Canada. The prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in assault survivors is drastically higher than the national prevalence of the disorder, which is a strong indication that the current therapies for sexualassault- related PTSD are in need of improvement. Increasing knowledge and understanding of the pathologies associated with rape trauma in biological, psychological and sociological domains will help to develop more effective treatments for survivors. A dysregulation of the Hypothalamic- Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis is observed in survivors of sexual assault and this may be a fundamental cause of the structural and functional abnormalities contributing to PTSD symptoms. Pharmacotherapies are available to treat PTSD; however, they are often inadequate or unwanted by the survivor. Psychological health is compromised following interpersonal trauma and many psychological therapies are available, but with varying efficacy. A person's cognitions have a dramatic effect on the onset, severity, and progress of PTSD following sexual assault. Sociological impacts of assault influence the development of PTSD through victim-blaming attitudes and the perpetuation of rape myths. Perceived positive regard and early social support is shown to be important to successful recovery. Education is vital in rape prevention and to foster a supportive environment for survivors. The biological, psychological and sociological impacts and treatments should not remain mutually exclusive. A better appreciation of the biopsychosocial repercussions of sexual assault will aid in developing a more holistic and individualized therapy to help alleviate the physical and emotional pain following the trauma of rape.</text>
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