The effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing-based online group counseling for university students: Psychological need satisfaction, psychological resilience, psychological well-being, and small ‘t’ trauma
Description
Objectives
The present study explored the effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)-based online group counseling for university students whose basic psychological needs had not been met in relation to need satisfaction, psychological resilience, psychological well-being, and small “t” trauma.
Method
Using three measurements, namely a pretest, posttest, and follow-up test, this study employed a 4 × 3 experimental design comprising four groups, two experiments, one control group, and one placebo group. The data were collected using the Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale, Psychological Well-Being Scale, and Small-t Trauma Effects Scale. A two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni correction were performed for the data analysis.
Results
The findings showed a significant positive time–intervention interaction effect with respect to psychological needs and its subcategories (autonomy, relatedness, and competence), as well as psychological resilience, psychological well-being, and the small-t trauma effect and its two subcategories (negative effects on self and future perception and negative effects on emotions, thoughts, and behaviors). The effect of EMDR-based online group counseling on negative effects on body sense (the subcategory of small-t trauma) showed no significant interaction of time and intervention.
Conclusion
The results indicated that, in addition to healing trauma, EMDR was also found to be effective in relation to psychological resilience and well-being.
The present study explored the effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)-based online group counseling for university students whose basic psychological needs had not been met in relation to need satisfaction, psychological resilience, psychological well-being, and small “t” trauma.
Method
Using three measurements, namely a pretest, posttest, and follow-up test, this study employed a 4 × 3 experimental design comprising four groups, two experiments, one control group, and one placebo group. The data were collected using the Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale, Psychological Well-Being Scale, and Small-t Trauma Effects Scale. A two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni correction were performed for the data analysis.
Results
The findings showed a significant positive time–intervention interaction effect with respect to psychological needs and its subcategories (autonomy, relatedness, and competence), as well as psychological resilience, psychological well-being, and the small-t trauma effect and its two subcategories (negative effects on self and future perception and negative effects on emotions, thoughts, and behaviors). The effect of EMDR-based online group counseling on negative effects on body sense (the subcategory of small-t trauma) showed no significant interaction of time and intervention.
Conclusion
The results indicated that, in addition to healing trauma, EMDR was also found to be effective in relation to psychological resilience and well-being.
Format
Journal
Language
English
Original Work Citation
Yilmaz Dinç, S., & Sapmaz, F. (2023). The effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing-based online group counseling for university students: Psychological need satisfaction, psychological resilience, psychological well-being, and small ‘t’ trauma. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. doi:10.1037/tra000162
Collection
Citation
“The effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing-based online group counseling for university students: Psychological need satisfaction, psychological resilience, psychological well-being, and small ‘t’ trauma,” Francine Shapiro Legacy Library, accessed February 8, 2026, https://francineshapirolibrary.omeka.net/items/show/28538.