Browse Items · Francine Shapiro Library

A working memory analysis of the dual attention component of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

This dissertation applied the concepts and predictions of working memory theory to a psychotherapeutic approach, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). The overview of EMDR included a description of the treatment, theoretical model,…

Tags: Attention, Dual Attention Component, Empirical Study, Eye Movements, Short-Term Memory, Working Memory

How eye movements affect unpleasant memories: Support for a working-memory account

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing can reduce ratings of the vividness and emotionality of unpleasant memories—hence it is commonly used to treat posttraumatic stress disorder. The present experiments compared three accounts of how eye…

Tags: Autobiographical Memory, Eye Movements, Psychotherapy, Working Memory

A working memory explanation for the effects of eye movements in EMDR

Research has consistently demonstrated that performance is degraded when participants engage in two simultaneous tasks that require the same working memory resources. This study tested predictions from working memory theory to investigate the effects…

Tags: Eye Movements, Mechanism of Action, Memory Components, Working Memory

眼動和情緒：眼球運動的作用在治療機制 EMDR的。 Eye movement and emotionality: The role of eye movement in the therapeutic mechanism of EMDR

Shapiro 認為演動訊息在處理法（EMDR）治療程序中規律的多次快速動眼作業有助於創傷記憶的處理 (Shapiro, 1989a)，但其可能涉及的療效機制之研究尚少。本研究擬從工作記憶模式的角度來探討動眼作業在 EMDR 的療效機制。根據工作記憶模式(working memory model)，動眼作業可視為一種爭奪工作記憶中視覺和空間訊息處理能力(VSSP)系統資源的干擾作業。因此，當回憶創傷事件時，施以動眼作業可降低創傷受害者對於創傷事件記憶的清晰程度，並降低患者對於創傷事件的…

Tags: Emotionality, Eye Movements, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Vividness, Working Memory

Saccadic eye movement and change of semantic associations: Possible therapeutic mechanisms of EMDR

In light of a putative model proposed by Stickgold and to mimic clinical trial of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), this study examined possible therapeutic mechanism and effect of eye movements (EM) on change of semantic…

Tags: Imagery Vividness, Negative Emotiveness, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Saccadic Eye Movement, Semantic Association, Working Memory

Saccadic eye movement and change of semantic associations: Possible therapeutic mechanisms of EMDR

In light of a putative model proposed by Stickgold and to mimic clinical trial of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), this study examined possible therapeutic mechanism and effect of eye movements (EM) on change of semantic…

Tags: Imagery Vividness, Negative Emotiveness, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Saccadic Eye Movement, Semantic Association, Working Memory

Eye movements reduce vividness and emotionality of “flashforwards”

Earlier studies have shown that eye movements during retrieval of disturbing images about past events reduce their vividness and emotionality, which may be due to both tasks competing for working memory resources. This study examined whether eye…

Tags: Anxiety, Cognitive Process, Eye Movements, Flashforward, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Visual Images, Working Memory

Counting during recall: Taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memories

While initially subject to debate, meta-analyses have shown that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is effective in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Earlier studies showed that eye movements during retrieval of…

Tags: Counting, Reaction Time Paradigm, Working Memory

Taxing working memory during recall of distressing memories with a counting task and EMDR benefits

Dit experiment is gebaseerd op de hypothese dat de omvang van de EMDR-effecten kritisch hangt af van de mate waarin het werkgeheugen (WM) is belast tijdens het ophalen. De deelnemers deden herinneren aan pijnlijke herinneringen tijdens het uitvoeren…

Tags: Retrieval, Working Memory

Emotionality of loss-related memories is reduced after recall plus eye movements but not after recall plus music or recall only

Numerous studies have shown that eye movements during recall of negative memories reduce their emotionality. We investigated whether these findings can be extended specifically to negative memories of loss. Sixty undergraduate students participated…

Tags: Eye Movements, Grief, Loss, Mechanism of Action, Relaxation, Working Memory

Exploring the mechanism underlying the working memory account of EMDR: The effect of fading in and fading out of negative and arousing images on emotionality, vividness, vividness, completeness and detail recall of traumatic memories

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychological intervention for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Currently, the working memory account gives the best explanation for the functionality of EMDR. This…

Tags: Fading In, Fading Out, Traumatic Image, Working Memory

Oogbewegingen en imaginatie: Een kritische toets van de werkgeheugen theorie bij EMDR Eye movements and imagination: A critical test of working memory theory in EMDR

‘Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing’ (EMDR), een veel gebruikte behandelingbij posttraumatische stressstoornis, kan de helderheid en emotionaliteit van plezierige enonplezierige herinneringen reduceren. Tevens kunnen visuele beelden van…

Tags: Imagination, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Vividness, Working Memory

Taxing working memory during memory recall and the startle reflex

A dual-task during recall of an emotional memory reduces its vividness and emotionality, which may be due to both tasks competing for limited working memory (WM) resources. The dose-response relationship between WM taxing during memory recall and its…

Tags: Intrusive Memory, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Startle Reflex, Working Memory

EMDR: Eye movements superior to beeps in taxing working memory and reducing vividness of recollections

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is effectively treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with patients making eye movements during recall of traumatic memories. Many therapists have replaced eye movements with bilateral…

Tags: Eye Movements, Recollection, Vividness, Working Memory

Reducing vividness and emotional intensity of recurrent “flashforwards” by taxing working memory: An analogue study

Several studies have found that making eye movements while retrieving visual images about past negative events reduces their vividness and emotional intensity. A working memory account states that eye movements tax working memory and interfere with…

Tags: Flashforward, Intrusive Image, PTSD, Working Memory

How eye movements affect unpleasant memories: Support for a working memory account

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing can reduce ratings of the vividness and emotionality of unpleasant memories--hence it is commonly used to treat posttraumatic stress disorder. The present experiments compared three accounts of how eye…

Tags: Eye Movements, Working Memory

EMDR and mindfulness. Eye movements and attentional breathing tax working memory and reduce vividness and emotionality of aversive ideation

Methods. Working memory taxation by EM and AB was assessed in healthy volunteers by slowing down of reaction times. In a later session, participants retrieved negative memories during recall only, recall + EM and recall + AB (study 1). Under improved…

Tags: Attentional Breathing, Mindfulness, Working Memory

More support for the working memory hypothesis: Results and clinical implications

Eye movements (EMs) during retrieval of negative memories reduce the vividness and emotionality of these memories when they are being recalled later. This is a robust phenomenon and is the basis of the EMDR method. Of the many explanations that have…

Tags: Working Memory

A comparison of visual versus auditory concurrent tasks on reducing the distress and vividness of aversive autobiographical memories

This study investigated the benefits of eye movement similar to that used in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on reducing the vividness and emotionality of negative autobiographical memories. It was hypothesized, based on the…

Tags: Autobiographical Memory, Counting Method, Eye Movements, Vividness, Working Memory

Het effect van oogbewegingen, klikjes en geen dubbeltaak op de emotionaliteit en levendigheid van een herinnering in EMDR in de klinische praktijkThe effect of eye movements, clicks and no double task on the emotionality and vividness of a memory in EMDR in clinical practice

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is één van de behandelingen van keuze voor posttraumatische stress stoornis (PTSS). Hoewel in ongeveer de helft van de EMDR behandelingen gebruik wordt gemaakt van klikjes is er slechts weinig…

Tags: Beeps, Emotionality, No Dual Task, Vividness, Working Memory

Taxing of the working memory and the accessibility of memories

Most laboratory studies concerning eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) have focused on investigating how EMDR reduces the vividness and emotionality of memories. There has however been less focus on what occurs to the accessibility…

Tags: Fading In, Fading Out, Memory Accessibility, Traumatic Image, Working Memory, Working Memory Taxation

De invloed van oogbewegingen en klikjes op de naarheid en levendigheid van negatieve herinneringen The influence of eye movements and clicks into the nature and vibrancy of negative memories

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a widely applied therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this therapy patients make eye movements while recalling traumatic memories. It is suggested that EMDR taxes working memory…

Tags: Intrusive Memory, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Startle Reflex, Working Memory

Taxing working memory reduces vividness and emotionality of images about the Queen's Day tragedy

Tags: Poster, Queen's Day Tragedy, Working Memory

A working memory explanation for the effects of EMs in EMDR

Research has consistently demonstrated that performance is degraded when participants engage in two simultaneous tasks that require the same working memory resources. This study tested predictions from working memory theory to investigate the effects…

Tags: EMs, Eye Movements, Working Memory

A word tracking task as an alternative to horizontal eye movements in the reduction of vividness and emotionality of aversive memories in EMDR

When treating a patient with PTSD, therapists often use eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). In EMDR patients make horizontal eye movements (HEM) while the image of a traumatic memory is recalled. Various studies showed that making…

Tags: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Working Memory

Effectiviteit van oogbewegingen, klikjes en geen dubbeltaak bij EMDR in een klinische steekproef Effectiveness of eye movements, clicks and no double task of EMDR in a clinical sample

Een werkgeheugen rekening van Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is op grote schaal ondersteund door laboratoriumonderzoek. Taken die belasting werkgeheugen voldoende Het een traumatische gebeurtenis herinneren terwijl het…

Tags: Eye Movements, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Working Memory

EMDR: Oogbewegingen of een andere duale taak? EMDR: Eye movements or any other dual task?

Naar aanleiding van alle nieuwe onderzoeksresultaten over EMDR en de rol van het werkgeheugen (zie referentielijst), hebben de Nederlandse EMDR trainers (i.o.) zich gebogen over de consequenties van deze resultaten voor de praktijk. Ze zijn daarbij…

Tags: Dual Attention, Eye Movements, Working Memory

The contribution of emotion to the effects of EMDR

Background and objectives: Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective therapy in reducing the impact of emotional autobiographical memories, in particular trauma memories. Effects of EMDR have been reproduced under…

Tags: Autobiographical Memory, Consolidation, Emotion, Negative Memory, Neutral Memory, Reconsolidation, Vividness, Working Memory

A commentary on Hornsveld et al. (2011): A valid test of resource development and installation? Absolutely not

Researchers have published evidence supporting both the “working memory“ and the “REM/Orienting Response“ hypotheses as mechanisms underlying the documented treatment effects of EMDR on patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Hornsveld et al.…

Tags: RDI, REM/Orienting Response, Resource Development and Installation, Working Memory

Stop the use of eye movements in resource development and installation, until their additional value has been proven: A rejoinder to Leeds and Korn (2012)

This brief article responds to Leeds and Korn's (2012) commentary on our article (Hornsveld et al., 2011) in which we found that eye movements (EMs) during recall of positive and resourceful autobiographic memories (such as those used in resource…

Tags: Clinical Impression, RDI, Resource Development and Installation, Safe Place, Working Memory

EMDR: Werkgeheugenbelasting bij negatief-emotionele herinneringen EMDR: Working memory load on negative emotional memories

Eye Movement Deprocessing and Recall (EMDR) is een therapievorm waarbij met het maken van oogbewegingen getracht wordt traumatische herinneringen te verwerken. Hoewel effectief, is de werking van EMDR nog onduidelijk. Uit eerder onderzoek is gebleken…

Tags: Working Memory

The working mechanism of eye movements: Dual-tasking or task switching?

Tags: Eye Movements, Task Switching, Working Memory

The impact of eye movements and tones on disturbing memories involving PTSD and other mental disorders

Background: A wide array of experimental studies are supportive of a working memory explanation for the effects of eye movements in EMDR therapy. The working memory account predicts that, as a consequence of competition in working memory, traumatic…

Tags: Eye Movements, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Traumatic Memories, Working Memory

EMDR-werkingsmechanismen EMDR working mechanisms

Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing turns out to be an effective therapy for the treatment of PTSD. This article reviews the neurobiological models that are proposed and defended to explain its success. The author presents a reasoned…

Tags: Neurobiology, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, Working Memory

No effects of eye movements on the encoding of the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop in healthy participants: possible implications for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy

A hypothesized mechanism of action of EMDR is an overload of the working memory.•“Corsi Cubes” and “Digits” were used to test this hypothesis in 50 healthy subjects.•Eye movements did not improve the immediate auditory and visual consolidation…

Tags: Experiment, Eye Movements, Immediate Recall, Working Memory

Comparaison de tâches concurrentes, auditives ou visuelles, pour réduire la détresse et la clarté de souvenirs autobiographiques déplaisants A comparison of visual versus auditory concurrent tasks on reducing the distress and vividness of aversive autobiographical memories

Cette étude examine les avantages de mouvements oculaires similaires à ceux utilisés dans la désensibilisation et le retraitement par les mouvements oculaires (EMDR) pour réduire la clarté et la charge émotionnelle des souvenirs autobiographiques…

Tags: Autobiographical Memory, Eye Movements, Method of Counting, Working Memory

Un commentaire sur Hornsveld et al. (2011): Un test valide du développement et installation des ressources? Absolument pas A commentary on Hornsveld et al. (2011): A valid test of resource development and installation? Absolutely not

Les chercheurs ont publié des preuves qui soutiennent tant l'hypothèse de “mémoire de travail” que celle des “MOR/réponse d'orientation” pour décrire les mécanismes sous-jacents aux effets thérapeutiques documentés de l'EMDR sur des patients atteints…

Tags: RDI, REM/Orienting Response, Resource Development and Installation, Working Memory

Cessez l'utilisation des mouvements oculaires dans le Développement et installation des ressources jusqu'à ce que leur valeur ajoutée soit prouvé: Réplique à Leeds et Korn (2012) Stop the use of eye movements in resource development and installation, until their additional value has been proven: A rejoinder to Leeds and Korn (2012)

Ce bref article répond au commentaire de Leeds et Korn (2012) sur notre article (Hornsveld et al., 2011) dans lequel nous avons montré que les mouvements oculaires (MO) au cours du rappel de souvenirs autobiographiques positifs et riches en…

Tags: Clinical Impression, RDI, Resource Development and Installation, Safe Place, Working Memory

How eye movements in EMDR work: Changes in memory vividness and emotionality

Background and Objectives: Eye movements (EM) during recall of an aversive memory is a treatment element unique to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Experimental studies have shown that EM reduce memory vividness and/or…

Tags: Emotionality, Eye Movements, Vividness, Working Memory

眼球運動が記憶想起に与える影響についての実験研究 Experimental studies on effects of eye movements on memory retrieval

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Tags: Distancing, Interhemispheric Interaction, Investigatory Reflex, Working Memory

鮮やかさ、情動と自伝的記憶の想起に眼球運動の影響Effects of eye movements on vividness, emotionality and recall of autobiographical memory

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Tags: Emotionailty, Eye Movements, Interhemispheric Interaction, Vividness, Working Memory

A multi-site randomized study to compare the effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) added to TAU versus TAU to reduce craving and drinking behavior in alcohol dependent outpatients: Study protocol

Background: Addiction constitutes a major public health problem, and despite treatment, relapse rates remain very high. Preliminary findings suggest that Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), an evidence-based treatment for PTSD, may…

Tags: Addiction, Alcohol, Craving, Randomized Controlled Trial, RCT, Study Protocol, Working Memory

Breathing biofeedback as an adjunct to exposure in cognitive behavioral therapy hastens the reduction of PTSD symptoms: A pilot study

Although trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) with exposure is an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), not all patients recover. Addition of breathing biofeedback to exposure in TF-CBT is suggested as a…

Tags: Breathing Biofeedback, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, TF-CBT, Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Working Memory

Negative mental imagery in public speaking anxiety: Forming cognitive resistance by taxing visuospatial working memory

Background and Objectives: This study sought to reconcile two lines of research. Previous studies have identified a prevalent and causal role of negative imagery in social phobia and public speaking anxiety; others have demonstrated that lateral eye…

Tags: Eye Movements, Imagery, Public Speaking, Social Anxiety, Working Memory

Traumaverwerking bij kamelenTrauma recovery in camels

Het heeft er alle schijn van dat ook getraumatiseerde kamelen van hun trauma’s kunnen worden bevrijd door middel van werkgeheugenbelasting, nadat het traumanetwerk is geactiveerd. In de Mongoolse documentaire The Story of the Weeping Camel wordt dit…

Tags: Weeping Camel, Working Memory

Fifteen to twenty seconds of eye movements have no effect on believability of positive personal verbal statements: Results from a working memory study

According to working memory theory, a task that taxes working memory during simultaneous focus on a memory will tend to reduce memory vividness and emotional intensity. Results have been found for both negative and positive memories. Some studies…

Tags: Eye Movements, Modality, Positive Verbal Material, Positve Closure, Specific Taxing, Verbal Imagery, Working Memory

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